Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882

Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 View in CoL

Figs 1–60 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8 View FIGURE 9 View FIGURE 10 View FIGURE 11 View FIGURE 12 View FIGURE 13 View FIGURE 14 View FIGURE 15 View FIGURE 16 View FIGURE 17 View FIGURE 18 View FIGURE 19 View FIGURE 20 View FIGURE 21 View FIGURE 22 View FIGURE 23 View FIGURE 24 View FIGURE 25 View FIGURE 26 View FIGURE 27 View FIGURE 28 View FIGURE 29 View FIGURE 30 View FIGURE 31 View FIGURE 32 View FIGURE 33 View FIGURE 34 View FIGURE 35 View FIGURE 36 View FIGURE 37 View FIGURE 38 View FIGURE 39 View FIGURE 40 View FIGURE 41 View FIGURE 42 View FIGURE 43 View FIGURE 44 View FIGURE 45 View FIGURE 46 View FIGURE 47 View FIGURE 48 View FIGURE 49 View FIGURE 50 View FIGURE 51 View FIGURE 52 View FIGURE 53 View FIGURE 54 View FIGURE 55 View FIGURE 56 View FIGURE 57 View FIGURE 58 View FIGURE 59 View FIGURE 60

Opsiphanes (Opoptera) Aurivillius, 1882 . Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 75; type species: Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] View in CoL .—Bönninghausen, 1896. Verhandl. Ver. naturw. Unterh. Hamburg 9: 38.—Wytsman & Kirby, [1901], in Hübner & Geyer. Samml. Exot. Schmett. (New English facs. Ed.) 3, p. 50.— Fruhstorfer 1911 -12, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 291, 292.

Opoptera View in CoL ; Stichel 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 487, 488.— Stichel 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 22.— Schwanwitsch, 1924. Proc. zool. Soc. London 1924 (2): 521.— Le Cerf, 1926. Enc. Ent. 1 (3), p. 141; morph.— Hemming, 1967. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., Suppl. 9: 88, 321.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 204.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. View in CoL 5A, p. 203.— Penz, 2009b. Insecta Mundi View in CoL 69: 1, 2, 9; phylog..—Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 1985 (1): 1–20; phylog.

Mimoblepia Casagrande, 1982 . Rev. bras. Entomol. 26(3/4): 355–356.— Penz, 2007. Syst. Ent. 32 (4): 684; phylog. syn.: Mimoblepia .

Type species: Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] View in CoL , by original designation.

Taxonomic history. Aurivillius (1882) proposed Opoptera View in CoL as subgenus of Opsiphanes View in CoL and included three species: O. syme Hübner, [1821] View in CoL “ typus ”, synonymizing Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823 , and Morpho acadina Godart, [1824] with this; O. aorsa Godart, [1824] View in CoL ; and O. arsippe Hopffer, 1874 View in CoL . Stichel (1902) raised the subgenus to the status of genus and proposed three groups: aorsa View in CoL -group, syme View in CoL -group and staudingeri View in CoL -group. Stichel (1904) presents a catalog, redescriptions and geographical distributions of the species, and illustrates the venations of the forewings and hindwings of Opoptera syme syme View in CoL . Fruhstorfer (1911 -12) maintained Opoptera View in CoL as a subgenus of Opsiphanes View in CoL and redescribed the group Opoptera View in CoL . Casagrande (1982) proposed the genus Mimoblepia to Opoptera staudingeri View in CoL . Penz (2007) synonymized Mimoblepia with Opoptera View in CoL .

Diagnosis. DFW and DHW coloration between light and dark brown. VHW of both sexes with a disruptive pattern between light and dark brown. Species of Opoptera exhibit similarities to species of Catoblepia Stichel, 1901 , Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] , and Dasyophthalma Westwood, 1851 , presenting in both sexes a band with the proximal arm continuous or interrupted in the DFW, eyespot between M 1 –M 2 in the VFW, and VHW with discal region with two evident eyespots, one of them between the costal margin and M 1, and the other between M 3 –CuA 2. Males of Opoptera are distinguished by the presence of the scent organ pocket-shaped, involving the scent scales, located in the proximal portion of the CuA 2 or consisting of a concavity on the wing membrane between CuA 1 – CuA 2 ( Figs 1–2 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 ).

Redescription. Head. Brown with elongated scales on the frons. Antenna brown, slightly dilated apically; Glabrous eyes; labial palpi covered by short and elongated light brown scales, with basal and distal segment shorter than the median.

Thorax. Brown coloration, covered by short and elongated scales; legs brown, with the inner region lighter brown, the meso- and metathoracic legs light brown or dark brown covered with whitish scales, distal margin of each segment with a ring of white scales, tibiae and meso- and metathoracic tarsal segments with spines evenly distributed across the surface.

Forewing. Outer margin sinuous; apex rounded, pointed or angular. Venation: R 1 and R 2 arise before the dcs and terminate at the costal margin; while the common branch of R 3, R 4, and R 5 arises distally; R 3 terminates at the costal margin, R 4 in the apex, and R 5 in the outer margin; dcs present or absent; dcm concave; m-cu smaller, larger, or equivalent to the length between CuA 2, and where CuA 1 reaches m-cu. DFW with general color between light and dark brown; subapical region may be slightly or strongly projected with spots of varying shapes and sizes, may be conspicuous, whitish or varying according to the coloration of the proximal band adjacent to the “ i ” element; in male, the basal half of the inner margin with tuft of hairs. DFW with a Y-shaped band, yellowish, orange, or white in color, situated between 2A and the costal margin, at the height of CuA 1 the band divides forming proximal and distal arms, the proximal arm or the entire band may be absent. VFW with disruptive pattern of light to dark brown and yellowish-brown, interspersed with whitish areas; basal region with two conspicuous bands within the discal cell, continuous or not, whitish or light brown, outlined by irregular dark brown lines (b, c, d elements); discal region with spots in the distal region of the discal cell, which vary in shape and color, and may be yellowish or brown; “ e” element may be reduced; following the discal cell, discal region with in color and extending from the costal margin to CuA 2 whitish in color and associated to “ f ” element, which may be continuous, interrupted or even absent; submarginal region featuring a rounded eyespot with dark coloration and a whitish pupil between M 1 –M 2, the band adjacent to the “ i ” element, from the M 1 to 2A or from M 3 to CuA 2, whitish, conspicuous or faded, may be narrow or wide, with two narrow bands, one proximal (i element) and one distal (j element), that may be faded in the apical and subapical regions or absent; marginal region yellowish or brown ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ).

Hindwing. Outer margin slightly ou strongly sinuous, with or without tail prolongations. Venation: humeral vein slightly curved and directioned towards the apex; Rs may be positioned close to or slightly distant from M 1, M 3 follows the tail prolongation when present. DHW with general color between light brown to dark brown; discal region with or without blue iridescence in the female; submarginal region with “ i ” element in the proximal portion, “ j ” element in the distal portion, continuous, interrupted, or absent; marginal region with conspicuous or faded band, may be orange, yellowish, or faded white in color, with fringes of dark brown or whitish; “ k ” element may be present or absent, yellowish or yellowish-brown in color when present. VHW with disruptive color pattern of light brown to dark brown, with yellowish-brown, interspersed with whitish areas; basal regions with spots (c and, d elements), dark or light brown, may be faded or absent; “ c ” element appearing between Sc+R 1 and Rs or within the discal cell; “ d ” element located within the discal cell or between CuA 2 –2A; discal region with two eyespots of variable size, usually rounded, the anterior eyespot between the costal margin and M 1, and the posterior eyespot between M 3 –CuA 2; spots (h element) between M 1 –M 3, faded or absent; white band distal to ocelli, faded or absent; submarginal region with band (i element), dark brown if present; band (j element) dark brown; marginal region with or without a band (k element), yellowish or yellowish-brown when present ( Figs 1–2 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 ); Secondary sexual structures and wings. In males, the HW exhibits two basic types of scent organs. The first type is a fold in the alar membrane soon after at the bifurcation of CuA 1 –CuA 2 forming a pocket that houses the scent scales; this pocket may contain a hairpencil, formed by long hairs grouped at the base, forming or not a bundle, but distributed on adjacent areas of the pocket. The second type is formed by a concavity on the dorsal and basal surfaces of the wing between CuA 1 –CuA 2, filled with brown scales and covered with hairs, not in bundle, but rather dispersed across the surface of the discal cell ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 ).

Abdomen. Coloration between light brown and dark brown, with the ventral region yellowish-white.

Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, with dorsal surface flat to convex, anterior margin concave medially; anterior projection of saccus shorter than arms, with width and curvature variable; uncus pointed or rounded and markedly concave, bifid, lateral margin concave or convex in the distal portion, laterally expanded; gnathos with shape and size variable, pointed, ventral and distal margin serrated, with projection similar to spine directioned anteriorly, with or without inner expansion of irregular margin or smooth; valva long or short, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, distal portion wide and flattened or pointed; aedeagus sinuous, slender or wide, lacking spines, with an anterodorsal opening to the ejaculatory bulb, and a dorsolaterally opening for the vesica at the distal portion, with or without lateral projections; fultura inferior with variable shapes.

Female genitalia. Papilla analis oval, covered by numerous long setae; lamellae antevaginalis and postvaginalis joined laterally to form two narrow arms; intersegmental membrane ribbed between the seventh sternite and the lamellae antevaginalis and postvaginalis, with or without sclerotized plate in the median anterior margin; anterior apophysis atrophied; posterior apophysis short or long in relation to the length of tergum VIII; lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, usually more narrow than the lamella postvaginalis, corrugated, with median portion straight, arched, or emarginated, with anterior margin ventrally directed, with lateral keel, anteriorly projected; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, corrugated, medially wide or straight, median portion with transverse keel in the median portion, usually with protuberance posteriorly projected or emarginated, with laterally sclerotized plates forming keels with irregular spines, posterior margin emarginated and sclerotized corrugated-like; ostium membranous, corrugated; ductus bursae slender, basal portion may be sclerotized, with ribs in the distal portion; corpus bursae rounded or oval, with ribs and without signum.

Key to species of Opoptera View in CoL

1. HW with tail prolongation ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 , 10 View FIGURE 10 , 15 View FIGURE 15 , 25 View FIGURE 25 , 56 View FIGURE 56 )...................................................... 2

- HW lacking tail prolongation ( Figs 20 View FIGURE 20 , 34 View FIGURE 34 , 35 View FIGURE 35 , 41 View FIGURE 41 , 51 View FIGURE 51 ).................................................. 6

2(1). VFW with basal portion of the discal cell with two isolated spots ( Figs 10 View FIGURE 10 , 15 View FIGURE 15 ).............................. 3

- VFW with basal portion of the discal cell not forming two isolated spots ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 )............................. 4

3(2). DFW with proximal arm of the band continuous not forming independent points; HW of the female with proximal portion of the marginal band conspicuous ( Fig. 10 View FIGURE 10 )....................................... Opoptera arsippe View in CoL

- DFW of the male with proximal arm of the band interrupted, forming independent points; HW of the female with proximal portion of the marginal band faded ( Fig. 15 View FIGURE 15 ).................................. Opoptera bracteolata

4(2). VFW with continuous transverse band within the discal cell ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 )........................... Opoptera aorsa View in CoL

- VFW with interrupted transverse band within the discal cell ( Figs 25 View FIGURE 25 , 56 View FIGURE 56 )................................... 5

5(4). DHW with dark dashed marginal band ( Fig. 56 View FIGURE 56 ).................................. Opoptera iracildae sp. nov.

- DHW lacking dark dashed marginal band ( Fig. 25 View FIGURE 25 )....................................... Opoptera hilaris

6(1). DFW with Y-shaped band ( Figs 35 View FIGURE 35 , 41 View FIGURE 41 ).............................................................. 7

- DFW with band not as above ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 , 10 View FIGURE 10 , 15 View FIGURE 15 , 20 View FIGURE 20 , 25 View FIGURE 25 , 34 View FIGURE 34 , 51 View FIGURE 51 , 56 View FIGURE 56 ).......................................... 8

7(6). DFW in the male with the proximal arm of the “Y” narrow forming zigzag in the proximal margin. Female with dorsal surface of the HW with blue iridescence ( Fig. 41 View FIGURE 41 )........................................... Opoptera syme View in CoL

- DFW with the proximal arm of the “Y” wide not forming zigzag in the proximal margin. Female with DHW lacking blue iridescence ( Fig. 35 View FIGURE 35 )................................................................. Opoptera sulcius View in CoL

8(6). FW with conspicuous white band ( Fig. 20 View FIGURE 20 ).......................................... Opoptera fruhstorferi View in CoL

- FW lacking white band.......................................................................... 9

9(8). DFW with band. Ventral surface with submarginal band that extends from M 1 to the anal angle ( Fig. 51 View FIGURE 51 )........................................................................................ Opoptera staudingeri View in CoL

- DFW of the female without band. Ventral surface with submarginal band that extends between M 3 –CuA 2 ( Fig. 34 View FIGURE 34 ).......................................................................... Opoptera mexicana stat. nov.