Rousettus Tangkokoensis, Lengkong,Arisoesilaningsih,Hakim & Sudarto, 2016

Rousettus Tangkokoensis View in CoL new. sp.

Holotype

Hanry Lengkong was collected the specimens from Manado, Indonesia ( HL) 111321 (field no.RT-1). It was caught on June 5 th, 2013, lowland forest at 514 m above sea level, Gunung Duasudara Sanctuary , North Sulawesi, Indonesia (N 01030,872 ’, E 125013,516 ’). The specimes were adult female, swollen nipples with bite marks), 84 grams BW. Their skull and dentary were separated then preserved in 70% alcohol.

GoogleMaps

Parasitype

Eight specimen collected by Hanry lengkong in lowland forest and coastal forest near holotype location.

The specimens were:

• HL 111322 (field no. RT-2): adult female, unswollen nipples, 72 grams BW, caught at 495 m above sea level (N 01030,779 ’, E 125013,543 ’) GoogleMaps

• HL 111323 (field no. RT-3): adult male, swollen testes, 86.0 grams BW, caught at 514 m above sea level (N 01030,872 ’, E 125013,516 ’) GoogleMaps

• HL 111324 (field no. RT-4): adult female, unswollen nipples, 72 grams BW, caught at 514 m above sea level (N 01030,872 ’, E 125013,516 ’) GoogleMaps

• HL 111325 (field no. RT-5), adult male, swollen testes, 83 grams BW, caught at 514 m above sea level (N 01030,872 ’, E 125013,516 ’) GoogleMaps

• HL 111326 (field no. RT-6), adult female, swollen nipples with bite marks), 83 grams BW, caught at 514 m above sea level (N 01030,872 ’, E 125013,516 ’) GoogleMaps

• HL 111327 (field no. RT-7), adult male, unswollen testes, 77 grams BW, caught at 514 m above sea level (N 01030,872 ’, E 125013,516 ’) GoogleMaps

• HL 111328 (field no. RT-8), adult female, swollen nipples without bite marks, 82 grams BW, caught at 514 m above sea level (N 01030,872 ’, E 125013,516 ’) GoogleMaps

• HL 111329 (field no. RT-9), adult male, unswollen testes, 72 grams BW, caught at 192 m above sea level (N 01030,872 ’, E 125013,516 ’) GoogleMaps

Ethimology

The new species which is proposed using the name of Tangkoko Mt. occuring in the sanctuary area was collected by Hanry Lengkong from Manado, Indonesia. The new species is (HL) 111321 had been found in Gunung Duasudara, which the only area known where this species was collected.

Diagnosis

The color of outer appearance of R. tangkokoensis n. sp. was blackish orange shoulder, while R. amplexicaudatus was greyish brown to brown and R. celebensis was brown to yellowish brown. The color of chest to belly of R. tangkokoensis n. sp. was slightly bright orange, while R. amplexicaudatus was slightly bright grey brown and R. celebensis was slightly yelowish brown. The top head of R. tangkokoensis n. sp. was colored slightly dark orange, while R. amplexicaudatus was slightly dark grey brown and R. celebensis was slightly yellowish brown. The neck of R. tangkokoensis n. sp. was colored dark orange, while R. amplexicaudatus was grey brown with yellow hair bundle on both sides of the neck and R. celebensis was dark orange.

The pelage of R. tangkokoensis n. sp. and R. amplexicaudatus was similar since it did not possessing dense pelage up to around the thigh, while R. celebensis had dense pelage around the thigh. Next similarity between R. tangkokoensis n. sp., R. amplexicaudatus and R. celebensis is they had hairy wings attaching on the back side, not on the their shoulder sides ( Fig. 4 View Fig ).

R. tangkokoensis n. sp. had bigger and smaller skull characters than those in R. amplexicaudatus and R. celebensis . The former is POW (8.99 mm; 8.60-9.70 mm); the latter is GSL (34.67 mm; 30.30-37 mm). The other characters are ZB (20.79 mm; 18.00- 24.40 mm), LIW (7.18 mm; 6.70-8.30 mm), BCW (14.15 mm; 13.70-14.70 mm), BL (2.60 mm; 2.40-2.80 mm), MSF (4.54 mm; 4.10-5.00 mm), PL (16.34 mm; 14.60-17.60 mm), CBL (33.11 mm; 28.00- 36.50 mm), CCL (31.84 mm; 27.50-34.90 mm), C 1 M 3 (11.27 mm; 9.30-12.60 mm), C 1 C 1 (6.12 mm; 5.50-7.30 mm), M 3 M 3 (9.13 mm; 8.80-9.80 mm), DL (25.72 mm; 23.00- 28.30 mm), RAP width (10.38 mm; 9.50-11.80 mm), C 1 M 3 (12.33 mm; 10.10-14.90 mm), C 1 C 1 (3.79 mm; 3.50-4.20 mm) and M 3 M 3 (8.84 mm; 8.20-9.50 mm).

The external body characters of R. tangkokoensis n. sp., (FA, HF, EAR and TAIL) were bigger than those of R. amplexicaudatus and R. celebensis . Furthermore, SV distance of R. tangkokoensis n. sp. is also bigger than that of R. celebensis . TIB of R. tangkokoensis n. sp. is bigger than R. amplexicaudatus . Otherwise, the FL of R. tangkokoensis n. sp. is smaller than R. amplexicaudatus . Overall, R. tangkokoensis n. sp. had small-sized characters, except for POW, FA, HF and EAR, which are bigger than those of R. amplexicaudatus and R. celebensis ( Table 1 View Table 1 ).

Beside differences among species above, Suyanto (2001) stated that these were only based on the size lower arm wing and the presence or absence of wing attaching on the middle of shoulder. In both characters, R. tangkokoensis n. sp. is consistent with typical characteristics of Rousettus . Under this reason, the species is classified in a member of Rousettus .

Comparing R. tangkokoensis n. sp. with other studies on R. amplexicaudatus based on one the body sizes, their FA length is about 82.22-86.76 mm ( Payne and Francis, 1985) and FA length is about 77-87.2 mm ( Suyanto, 2001). Apparently, the R. tangkokoensis n. sp. is nearly similar to R. amplexicaudatus .

Bergmans and Rosendaal (1988) measured 14 male R. amplexicaudatus from Sulawesi. Their FA length is about 81.55 (77.3-85.6 mm), ZB length is 22.3 (20.7-23.3 mm), GSL length is 36.85 (35.2-38.5 mm) and CBL length is 35.4 (34.2-37.2 mm). It is apparently R. amplexicaudatus have similarity with the R. tangkokoensis n. sp body size, yet it has bigger skull than R. tangkokoensis n. sp., but with R. spinalatus , it had similar FA, 85.1 mm.

Maryanto and Yani (2003) measured the several characters of 12 males R. celebensis in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense and determinded their length for these several characters: FA 75.81 mm (72.61- 79.41 mm), GSL 39.46 mm (38.75-40.64 mm), ZB 23.59 mm (22.02-25.12 mm), CBL 37.57 mm (36.48- 38.66 mm) and POW 7.69 (7.26-8.47 mm). They also measured the several characters from 4 males R. linduensis from Sulawesi. The measured ofthe length for these characters were: FA 76.73 mm (75.64-77.54 mm), GSL 39.38 mm (38.81-39.70 mm), ZB 24.08 mm (23.93-24.25 mm), CBL 37.47 mm (37.2-37.63 mm) and POW 7.07 mm (7.02-7.14 mm). In ferential, R. celebensis and R. linduensis have smaller body size and entirely larger skull, except the POW size.

Rookmaker and Bergmans (1981) measuerd the body size of R. leschenaultii from Indonesia. R. tangkokoensis n. sp. has smaller body size and skull compared with R. leschenaultii . R. leschenaultii has FA length about 84.0- 90.36 mm, GSL 40.3-43.6 mm and ZB 24.8-27.6 mm, respectively.

Moreover, R. tangkokoensis n. sp. compared with R. egyptiacus (FA of 85-101.9 mm) ( Grzimek, 2003; Kwiecinski and Griffin, 1999) and R. madagascar (FA of 119-140 mm) ( Bergmans, 1997; Bush Warriors, 2013; Jenkins and Racey, 2008; McNab, 1969), it is apparent that R. tangkokoensis n. sp. be smaller than R. egyptiacus and R. madagascar .

Description

All bats were described directly in Gunung Duasudara Sanctuary. R. tangkokoensis n. sp. specimens were compared with those of R. amplexicaudatus and R. celebensis .

Pelage

The color of shoulder pelage is blackish orange to orange, chest to belly is slightly bright, neck is dark orange, top head is slightly dark orange. There is no dense pelage around the thigh. They have unhairy wings and no wing attaching on the shoulder sides.

External Body

R. tangkokoensis n. sp. has longer FA, HF, EAR. They have smaller FL and shorter TAIL than those of R. amplexicaudatus and R. celebensis and longer Snot-Vent (SV) than that of R. celebensis .

Skull

R. tangkokoensis n. sp. has big POW and small GSL, ZB, LIW, BCW, BL, MSF, PL, CBL and CCL.

Teeth and Dentary

R. tangkokoensis n. sp. has small C1M3, small C1M3, small C 1 C 1, small C 1 C 1, small M 3 M 3, small M 3 M 3, short DL and small RAP.

Biological Condition

Four male specimens have reproductive condition (two of them have unswollen testes and the rest have swollen testes) and 5 adult female specimens have reproductive condition (two have unswollen nipples, 1 have swollen nipples without bite mark and 2 have swollen nipples with bite marks).

Habitat

Nine bats were caught when rainy and dry seasons using bat nets at 1 and 3 m above the ground in lowland forest and coastal forest.