Rhinocylapus, Poppius, 1909

RHINOCYLAPUS View in CoL View at ENA COMPLEX

Remarks

Gorczyca(2000) establishedthiscomplextoaccommodate Rhinocylapus , Rhinocylapidius and Proamblia , in addition to three fossil genera: Archeofulvius Carvalho, 1966 , Ambercylapus Carvalho & Popov, 1984 and Balticofulvius Herczek & Popov, 1997 . Subsequent authors placed Mycetocylapus and Rhinocylapoides in this complex ( Wolski, 2010; Wolski & Gorczyca, 2011). Wolski (2010), in his revision of the Rhinocylapus complex, gave exhaustive diagnostic characters for this complex, including punctation and structure of the antenna, labium, pleura, tarsus and genitalia. Our phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of this group with significant support, and the Rhinocylapus complex is nested in Fulviini ( Figs 1–3). We also found that Punctifulvius Schmitz and Yamatofulvius Yasunaga should be placed in the Rhinocylapus complex.

All synapomorphies discovered for the complex so far are contradicted and/or do not occur in some species of the Rhinocylapus complex. The most important structure characterizing the Rhinocylapus complex is the external efferent system of the metathoracic glands, which has a reduced evaporative area not reaching the base of the hind coxa, and has a flat peritreme and a spiracle without microsculpture ( Figs 6R, 9G, 10P, 13K; Wolski, 2010: fig. 7D). However, this complex of characters is not unique, because we have also observed them in Peritropisca bituberculata Carvalho & Lorenzato, 1978 . A reduced evaporative area also occurs in Fulvius (e.g. Ferreira & Henry, 2002; and unpublished observations of Anna Namyatova). In most species of the Rhinocylapus complex, unlike other fulviines examined for this study, labial segment I is not subdivided ( Figs 6H, 9I, 13H), which was observed by Wolski (2010). We note that this state is not universal for the complex, with segment I subdivided in Punctifulvius ( Fig. 10O). Given that this genus diverges earliest in this complex, a labial segment I without subdivision is an apomorphy for the clades comprising the remaining genera of the Rhinocylapus complex.

The parameres are distinct in the Rhinocylapus complex.The right paramere is almost straight, widened medially, with a conical outgrowth subapically ( Figs 7D, 11H, 14E, F). The left paramere is strongly curved, with the apical part elongate dorsally (e.g. Figs 7E, 11D, I, G, 14C, D; Wolski, 2010: figs 6D, 8D, 10C, 12C).

The female genitalia of the Rhinocylapus complex are also distinct, with the posterior wall of the bursa copulatrix comprising two large symmetrical sclerites ( Figs 8C, D, 12C, D, 15C, D, F). Those structures are found in all species of the Rhinocylapus complex that we examined and have not been observed in other Fulviini . Pending broader taxon sampling, this represents a non-contradicted synapomorphy for the Rhinocylapus complex within the Fulviini .