Cyclophorus fasciatus Kobelt, 1908

Cyclophorus fasciatus Kobelt, 1908 [ 48]

Conchological description. Medium-sized Cyclophorus species, overall shell shape rounded, aperture typically circular. Shell height 23.8 to 33.3 mm (mean = 29.0 mm), shell breadth 29.6 to 39.4 mm (mean = 34.2 mm) (sub-group I: shell height 26.2 to 33.3 mm

(mean = 29.9 mm), shell breadth 32.5 to 39.4 mm (mean = 35.8 mm); sub-group II: shell height 23.8 to 32.2 mm (mean = 28.1 mm), shell breadth 29.6 to 36.0 mm (mean = 32.5 mm)). Number of whorls 4.75 to 5.25 (sub-group I: 4.75 to 5.25; sub-group II: 5 to 5.25). Early whorls usually without bluish colouration (sub-group I: usually without bluish colouration; sub-group II: without bluish colouration). Shape of body whorl usually uncompressed or slightly compressed; rounded, sub-angular or well-rounded (sub-group I: usually uncompressed or slightly compressed; rounded or sub-angular; sub-group II: usually uncompressed; rounded or well-rounded). Lip reflected and simple. Lip colour red, yellow, ivory, orange or white (sub-group I: yellow, ivory, orange or white; sub-group II: red). Wing-shaped projection at columellar margin usually absent (sub-group I: absent, or present and not pronounced; sub-group II: absent). Peripheral band usually dark brown (sub-group I: dark brown; sub-group II: usually dark brown). Colour pattern generally variable. Typical elements of pattern above position of peripheral band: zig-zag stripes, spiral bands, spiral lines and flames in different shades of brown or in white (sub-group I: zig-zag stripes, spiral bands, spiral lines and flames in different shades of brown or in white; sub-group II: zig-zag stripes, spiral bands, spiral lines and flames in different shades of brown). Typical elements of pattern below position of peripheral band: spiral lines, spiral bands and flames in different shades of brown (sub-group I: spiral lines, spiral bands and flames in darker shades of brown; sub-group II: spiral lines, spiral bands and flames in different shades of brown).

Displayed specimens. VNM005 ( Fig 6a View Fig 6 ; sub-group I), specimen in ethanol; NHMUK 20110513/3; GenBank accession numbers MG720873 (COI), MG720923 (16S), MG720973 (28S); female individual; shell height 30.0 mm, shell breadth 35.5 mm, number of whorls 5.25. VNM007 ( Fig 6b View Fig 6 ; sub-group I), specimen in ethanol; NHMUK 20110513/2 (ethanol-preserved frozen tissue samples NHMUK Barcode 014041330, NHMUK Barcode 014041347); GenBank accession numbers MN153301 (COI), MN153350 (16S), MN153399 (28S); female individual; shell height 31.3 mm, shell breadth 36.1 mm, number of whorls 5.25. VNM008 ( Fig 6c View Fig 6 ; sub-group I), specimen in ethanol; NHMUK 20110513/4; GenBank accession numbers MG720874 (COI), MG720924 (16S), MG720974 (28S); male individual; shell height 28.0 mm, shell breadth 32.5 mm, number of whorls 5.25. VNM015 ( Fig 6d View Fig 6 ; sub-group II), specimen in ethanol; NHMUK 20110476/9; GenBank accession numbers MG720865 (COI), MG720915 (16S), MG720965 (28S); male individual; shell height 28.4 mm, shell breadth 31.6 mm, number of whorls 5.25. VNM013 ( Fig 6e View Fig 6 ; sub-group II), specimen in ethanol; NHMUK 20110476/7; GenBank accession numbers MG720863 (COI), MG720913 (16S), MG720963 (28S); female individual; shell height 27.9 mm, shell breadth 33.2 mm, number of whorls 5. VNM014 ( Fig 6f View Fig 6 ; sub-group II), specimen in ethanol; NHMUK 20110476/8; GenBank accession numbers MG720864 (COI), MG720914 (16S), MG720964 (28S); male individual; shell height 26.3 mm, shell breadth 30.0 mm, number of whorls 5.

Locality and sampling data. VNM005, VNM007, VNM008: Vietnam, Bac Kan, Ba Be National Park (22.40923˚, 105.62855˚); 18 May 2011; leg. Jonathan Ablett, Hao Van Luong, Fred Naggs & Sang Van Pham. VNM015, VNM013, VNM014: Vietnam, Thai Nguyen, Dong Dat commune (21.75523˚, 105.70745˚); 16 May 2011; leg. Jonathan Ablett, Hao Van Luong, Fred Naggs & Sang Van Pham.

Diagnosis. Cyclophorus fasciatus can be differentiated from all herein characterised Cyclophorus species based on DNA sequence data. Diagnostic nucleotide substitutions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene: 127:G, 184:A, 214:G/C, 232:C, 271:C/T, 313:A, 436:G, 493:C, 571:C, 604:G (numbers indicate the position in the studied COI fragment).

Remarks. This species was originally described as Cyclophorus dodrans fasciatus . The holotype (SMF 34732) resembled sub-group I in size (but the holotype was slightly larger), shape and colouration (but not in the exact colour pattern). The type locality given in Kobelt [ 48], “Residence in Annam” (original: “Aufenthalt in Annam”), is most likely incorrect as Zilch [ 108] states that “inside the shell, a locality label was found: Tuyen Quang, Tonkin. Fruhstorfer” (original: “im Inneren des Gehäuses fand sich ein Fundortzettel: Tuyen-Quang, Tonkin. Fruhstorfer”). Our studied samples of sub-group I were partly collected very close to northeastern Tuyen Quang. Further material from Tuyen Quang should be studied in future to confirm our determination. This species corresponds to lineage 03 in Oheimb et al. [ 6]. The studied material of C. fasciatus has been found in Ba Be National Park in northwestern Bac Kan province (sub-group I), in eastern Thai Nguyen province (sub-group I) and in central Thai Nguyen province (sub-group II) ( Fig 4 View Fig 4 ). None of the other herein characterised species is known to occur sympatrically with this species. Cyclophorus subfloridus (sub-group I) occurs in southwestern Lang Son province, approx. 20 km from where C. fasciatus (sub-group I) was found, in eastern Thai Nguyen province. The shell shape of C. subfloridus is generally slightly less compressed than that of C. fasciatus ( Fig 2 View Fig 2 ). The shell of C. subfloridus sub-group I is slightly smaller than that of C. fasciatus sub-group I ( Fig 3b View Fig 3 ) and the early whorls show a bluish colouration, while those of C. fasciatus sub-group I usually lack a bluish colouration. The lip of C. subfloridus sub-group I tends to have a more whitish colour than that of C. fasciatus sub-group I, which tends to be more yellowish or reddish.