Epacanthaclisis ningshana Wan & Wang, 2010

Epacanthaclisis ningshana Wan & Wang, 2010 View in CoL

( Figs. 1F View FIGURE 1 , 2R View FIGURE 2 , 39E–G View FIGURE 39 , 46–48 View FIGURE 46 View FIGURE 47 View FIGURE 48 , 49D View FIGURE 49 , 53I–J View FIGURE 53 , 54I–J View FIGURE 54 , 55E View FIGURE 55 )

Epacanthaclisis ningshana Wan & Wang View in CoL in Ao et al., 2010: 53 View Cited Treatment ( type locality: China: Shaanxi, Ankang, Ningshan County, Huoditang; holotype in CAU). Liu & Yang, 2018: 260 ( Epacanthaclisis View in CoL ). Wang et al., 2018: 54 ( Epacanthaclisis View in CoL ). Yang et al., 2018: 63 ( Epacanthaclisis View in CoL ). Yang et al., 2023: 783 ( Epacanthaclisis View in CoL ).

Diagnosis. Adult: Vertex anteriorly with three black spots, medially with an indistinct black marking, posteriorly with three transversal spots. Pronotum pale brown, medially with a pair of adjacent longitudinal dark brown stripes; laterally with a pair of oblique long dark lines; lateral margin black. Fore and mid tibial spurs reaching base of tarsomere 4. Wings hyaline with dark markings. Male abdominal tergum 3 generally pale yellowish-brown, with two pair of brown markings; tergum 4 anteriorly pale yellowish-brown, posteriorly brown; tergum 5 mostly brown, anteriorly pale yellow, anteromedial margin with pair of tufts of bristles. Male internal gonocoxites 9 narrowed trapezoid in cephalic view; ectoproct weakly expanded. Female posterior branches of gonocoxites 8 digitiform, curved; gonapophyses 8 transversal ribbon-shaped, internally curved and constricted. 3rd instar larva. Body pale yellowish-brown. Head as long as wide; dorsal head anteriorly with a curved transversal black band, medially with dark dots, posteriorly with a pair of V-shaped brown markings; ventral head medially with a pair of indistinct brownish markings. Anterior mesothoracic setiferous processes short digitiform, slightly longer than the posterior pair. Meso-, metanotum, and dorsal abdominal segments each with a pair of brown markings and many black and dark brown dots.

Re-description of adult. Size. Head width: 2.08–2.54 mm; forewing length: 30.78–36.32 mm; hindwing length: 31.46–36.96 mm.

Head. Vertex anteriorly with three black spots, medially with an indistinct black marking, posteriorly with three transversal spots ( Fig. 46C View FIGURE 46 ). Dark brown marking around scape. Scape pale brown, with a dark brown marking; pedicel pale brown; flagellum mostly pale yellowish-brown on basal part and gradually darken distally, non-swollen flagellomeres each with a dark circular marking, swollen flagellum mostly dark brown. Frons generally pale yellowish-brown, anteriorly dark brown and brown, dark part medially concave ( Fig. 46B View FIGURE 46 ). Clypeus pale yellowish-brown with a few setae. Labrum brown. Maxillary palpus dark brown, distal segment orange. Labial palpus pale yellowish-brown, distal segment fusiform and brown. Mandibles yellowish-brown with distal half dark reddish brown.

Thorax. Pale brown and dark brown. Pronotum pale brown, medially with a pair of adjacent longitudinal dark brown stripes; laterally with a pair of oblique long dark lines; lateral margin black; laterally covered with long pale and dark setae. Mesoprescutum generally black with a pair of lateral pale brown spots; mesonotum generally dark brown, laterally with a pair of pale brown markings, a pair of longitudinal dark brown lines present on the pale brown markings; mesoscutellum black, posteriorly with three connected pale brown spots. Metanotum dark brown with a pair of pale brown markings; metascutellum generally black, posteriorly pale brown ( Fig. 46C View FIGURE 46 ). Pleurae dark brown and pale brown.

Legs. Covered with many pale and dark setae. All coxae pale yellowish-brown each with an indistinct dark spot; tibial spurs brown, barely curved; tarsomeres 2–4 generally dark brown; tarsomeres 1 and 5 generally pale yellow, distally black, tarsomere 5 as long as entire length of tarsomeres 1–4; pretarsal claws slightly curved, protruded basally. Foreleg: Femur pale yellowish-brown, dorsally with a longitudinal dark brown stripe; tibia pale yellowish-brown, mediobasally and distally each with a dark brown marking; tibial spur reaching base of tarsomere 4. Midleg: Femur pale yellowish-brown, distally with a dark brown marking; tibia pale yellow, mediobasally and distally each with a dark brown marking; tibial spur reaching base of tarsomere 4. Hind leg: Femur pale yellowish-brown, distally black; tibia mostly pale yellow, mediobasally with an indistinct dark brown spot and distally dark brown; tibial spur reaching base of tarsomere 3; tarsomere 1 longer than that of fore- and midleg ( Fig. 46A View FIGURE 46 ).

Wings. Generally hyaline, with some markings. Hindwing slightly longer than forewing. Pterostigma pale. Forewing costal space with a dark brown marking proximad pterostigma; rhegma various, as an oblique dark brown stripe, sometimes curved; cubital area basally with an dark brown marking; posterior margin with many scattered dots; costal, distal half of prefork and basal half of posterior crossveins mostly connected by oblique veinlets; four to six presectoral crossveins present, distal presectoral cells biloculate; RP with 9–11 branches; RP origin basal to MP fork, nearly align at CuA fork. Hindwing rhegma indistinct; posterior margin with many scattered dots; two presectoral crossveins present ( Figs. 39E–G View FIGURE 39 , 46A View FIGURE 46 ).

Abdomen. Male terga 1–2 generally dark brown; tergum 3 generally pale yellowish-brown, with two pair of brown markings; tergum 4 anteriorly pale yellowish-brown, posteriorly brown; tergum 5 mostly brown, anteriorly pale yellow, anteromedial margin with pair of tufts of bristles; terga 6–8 mostly dark brown ( Figs. 2R View FIGURE 2 , 49D View FIGURE 49 ). Male genitalia. Sternum 9 wide, nearly bell-shaped, constricted on distal part, distal part covered with long setae ( Fig. 46E View FIGURE 46 ). External gonocoxites 9 strongly sclerotized externally, encased internal gonocoxites 9; external gonocoxites 9 externally angular in ventral view, subtriangular in cephalic and lateral view; internal gonocoxites 9 nearly narrowed trapezoid, external margin oblique truncate in cephalic view. Gonocoxites 11 arched arrow-shaped in caudal view; gonapophyses 11 tiny, U-shaped in ventral view ( Figs. 46H–L View FIGURE 46 ). Ectoproct nearly short rectangular in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view, weakly expanded on distal margin, distal part covered with many curved stout setae ( Figs. 46D–E View FIGURE 46 ). Female genitalia. Pregenital plate tapered. Anterior branches of gonocoxites 8 weakly developed, tuberculate, covered with setae; posterior branches of gonocoxites 8 digitiform, curved, covered with long setae; gonapophyses 8 transversal ribbon-shaped, internally curved and constricted. Gonocoxites 9 covered with short stout tapered setae. Ectoproct subtriangular in lateral view ( Figs. 46F–G View FIGURE 46 ).

Description of 3rd instar larva. Size. Body length (excluding mandible): 23.24–24.76 mm; head length: 5.92– 6.35 mm; head width: 5.90–6.32 mm; mandible length: 6.54–6.93 mm.

Head. As long as wide, laterally with long clavate setae. Clypeo-labrum generally brown; anterior margin covered with many pale dolichasters. Dorsal head anteriorly with a curved transversal black band, medially with dark dots, posteriorly with a pair of V-shaped brown markings; ventral head medially with a pair of indistinct brownish markings. Ocular tubercle prominent, black. Antennae brown, long and thin. Mandible longer than head, basally with six interdental mandibular setae; first tooth shorter than second tooth; second tooth as long as third tooth; two short interdental mandibular setae between first and second teeth ( Figs. 48 View FIGURE 48 , 53I–J View FIGURE 53 ).

Thorax. Laterally with long setae, those setae clavate on the tip. Pronotum yellowish-brown, scattered with dozens dark dots, covered with tiny dark setae medially and long dark and pale setae laterally; with indistinct brown markings. Mesothorax with spiracles present on short stout yellowish-brown sclerotized tubercle, lateral margin dark brown. Meso- and metanotum each with a pair of brown markings. Ventral meso- and metathorax each with a pair of dark brown markings. Anterior mesothoracic setiferous processes short digitiform, slightly longer than the posterior pair; metathoracic setiferous processes relatively short, tuberculate, posterior pair wider ( Figs. 48 View FIGURE 48 , 54I–J View FIGURE 54 ).

Legs. Pale yellowish-brown. Foreleg short. Midleg longer than fore- and hind leg ( Fig. 48C View FIGURE 48 ).

Abdomen. Generally pale yellowish-brown, medially pale yellow, laterally with long clavate setae. Each dorsal segments with a pair of brown markings and many black and brown dots; each ventral segments 1–7 with seven brown spots and many brown dots ( Fig. 48A View FIGURE 48 ); ventral segment 8 with a pair of dark brown markings. Each segment with a pair of small tubercular setiferous processes on lateral margin ( Fig. 48B View FIGURE 48 ). Abdominal segment 9 triangular, as long as wide; both dorsally and ventrally each with a pair of dark brown spots; short rastra with four pair of digging setae ( Fig. 55E View FIGURE 55 ).

Type material. Holotype ♂, CHINA: Shaanxi, Ankang, Ningshan County [ ÷ĸ县], Huoditang [ Ẋ地塘], 5.VIII.1979, 1620 m, Yinheng Han ( CAU) . Paratypes: 1♀, same location as holotype, 16.VIII.1984, Anmin Wang ; 1♀, CHINA: same location as holotype, 18.VIII.1984, Jianglong Hou ( CAU) ; 1♀, CHINA: same location as holotype, collected by a member of Northwest Agricultural College ( CAU) ; 1♀, CHINA: same location as holotype, 14.VIII.1998, Decheng Yuan ( CAU) ; 1♀, CHINA: same location as holotype, 16.VIII.1994, Guangsheng Zuo ( CAU) .

Additional material examined. Adult: 1♂, CHINA: Beijing, Mentougou District [ LJ头ŝ区], Xiaolongmen [ 小ĪLJ], 1.VIII.1992, Weiwei Zhang ( CAU) ; 1♀, same locality as above, VIII.2019, Yunlong Ma & Hongyu Li ( CAU) ; 1♀, same locality as above, 21.VIII.1990, Meng Chen ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Beijing, Miyun District [ ẑ云 区], Sihetang Township [ 四º堂乡], 25.VI.2005, Jialin Yu ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Hebei, Chengde, Xinglong County [ ẌNj县], Shangshidong Township [ 上Ƌō乡], 24–28.VII.2012, Wei Li ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Henan (misspelling as “ Hainan ”) ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Henan, Jiyuan, Macaque Nature Reserve [ ŨNuḦ保ae区], 21.VII.2020, Xingyue Liu ( CAU) . 2♀, CHINA: Henan, Luoyang, Songxian County [ 嵩县], Mt. Baiyunshan [ H云Ɯ], 25.VII.2002, Rong Bao ( CAU) ; 1♂, same locality as above, 1500 m, 14.VII.2004, Zhiliang Wang ( CAU) ; 1♀, same locality as above, 1500 m, 14.VIII.2008, Xingyue Liu ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Henan, Luoyang, Luanchuan [ ẋm县], Longyuwan [ Īěŵ], 7.VII.2019, Raorao Mo ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Henan, Luoyang, Songxian County, Mt. Tianchishan [ 天 ẼƜ], 1000 m, 13.VII.2004, Zhiliang Wang ( CAU) . 1♂ 1♀, CHINA: Henan, Nanyang, Neixiang County [ 内乡 县], Baotianman [ Ṫ天ª], 1350 m, 23.VII.2004, Zhiliang Wang ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Henan, Nanyang, Xishan County [ Zṉ县], Junmahe Town [ ṬḶñḍ], Zhaigen [ ḁDz], 700 m, 26.VIII.1996, Xiaocheng Shen ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Henan, Sanmenxia, Lingbao County [ NJṪ县], Mt. Yawushan [ 亚KƜ], 1200 m, 21.VIII.1996, Xiaocheng Shen ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Henan, Sanmenxia, Lingbao County, Yuling Town [ 予NJḍ], Mt. Yawushan , 634 m, 15.VIII.2020, Weihai Li & Yanhua Yan ( CAU) . 2♂ 5♀, CHINA: Shanxi, Linfen ,

Yuanqu County [ dzẅ县], Mt. Lishan [ 历Ɯ], Dahe Village [ 大ñť], 26.VII.2013, Tingting Zhang ( CAU); 1♂ 1♀, same locality as above, 22–26.VII.2012, Zhenhua Zhang . 1♂ 1♀, CHINA: Shanxi, Linfen, Qinshui County [ Ŵ AE县], Dahetan [ 大ñû], 15.VIII.2022, Jinyuan Yan ( CAU) . 1♂ 1♀, CHINA: Shanxi, Linfen, Qinshui County, Zhuweigou [ RDZŝ], 29.VII.2013, Tingting Zhang ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Shanxi, Huozhou, Qiliyu [ 七Ƃě], 1550 m, 28.VII.1972, Shuyong Wang ( CAU) . CHINA: Shaanxi, Ankang, Ningshan County, Guanghuojie Town [ Ḟḣ èḍ], 1180 m, 10.VII.2013, Yuqiang Xi ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Shaanxi, Baoji, Weibin District [ āå区], Erliguan Village [ 二Ƃïť], Dasanguan [ 大ờï], 805 m, 7.VIII.2020, Bing Zhang ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Shaanxi, Baoji, Fengxian County [ 凤县], near Jialingjiang River [ 嘉äȕ], 15.VIII.2013, Lu Jiang ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Shaanxi, Hanzhong, Foping County [ 佛坪县], Liangfengya [ êū垭], 28.VI.1999, Jian Yao ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Shaanxi, Hanzhong , Foping County, 876 m, 16.VII.2007, Hongliang Shi & Ganyan Yang ( CAU) . 3♀, CHINA: Shaanxi, Xian, Zhouzhi County [ 周ľ县], Houzhenzi Town [ 厚DŦḍ], 1297 m, 2.VIII.2015, Fan Yang ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Shaanxi, Yanan, Huangling County [ Wä县], Liuya Forestry Farm [ Ḡžṳ 场], 950, 1.VIII.2019 ( CAU) . 1♂, same locality as holotype, 14.VIII.1984, collected by a member of Northwest Agricultural College ( CAU) . 1♀, same locality as holotype, 31.VIII.2018, Yingqi Liu & Zhuo Chen ( CAU) . Larvae: one 3rd instar larva preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol, CHINA: Beijing, Haidian District [ ėî区], CHINA: Beijing Botanical Garden [ 北京ḏṱ 园], Wofosi [ 卧佛ủ], 100 m, 7.IV.2021, Yuchen Zheng & Chao Wu ( ZCAU) . One dried 3rd instar larva, CHINA: Beijing, Changping District [ ēṮ区], Nankou Town [ 南口ḍ], Huyu Village [ Ȇěť], 600 m, 17.IV.2023, Yuchen Zheng ( CAU) .

Distribution. China ( Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi).

Biology. The larvae of this species were found in deep soil and sandy debris beneath a rock wall ( Fig. 47 View FIGURE 47 ).

Remarks. Ao et al. (2010) described E. ningshana based on six specimens from Ningshan ( Shaanxi) but identified all other specimens of the E. moiwana species group distributed in North China as E. continetalis ( type locality in Kashmir). However, based on our examination, we found that the specimens that were identified as E. continetalis from northern China by Ao et al. (2010), Liu & Yang (2018), Wang et al. (2018), and Yang et al. (2018, 2023) are E. ningshana . Moreover, E. continetalis and E. ningshana do not belong to the same species group, as they exhibit significant morphological differences (see the keys to the species of Epacanthaclisis ) and are geographically isolated. Moreover, a record of E. ningshana from Hainan Island in Ao et al. (2010), Wang et al. (2018), and Yang et al. (2018; 2023) is a mistake due to a misspelling of “ Henan ” on the collection label. Epacanthaclisis is not known to occur on Hainan Island. Furthermore, the living photo identified as Synclisis japonica (Hagen, 1866) in Yang et al. (2023) is E. ningshana .

Unplaced species