Hantazuidae, Korshunova & Fletcher & Martynov, 2025
publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf057 |
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D09886E-5D7C-40D1-B86A-118A3ADE5773 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EF87FE-FF89-FFEB-FC07-FAD1FB12F849 |
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
scientific name |
Hantazuidae |
status |
fam. nov. |
Family Hantazuidae fam. nov.
( Figs 1, 2, 7–9; Table 4)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
Etymology: The new family Hantazuidae fam. nov. (stem is defined as ‘Hantazu-’) and new genus Hantazuia gen. nov. come from shorter variant of the Japanese katakana presentation ウミ ウシハンターズ (transliterated as ‘ Umiushihantazu ’, or shortened to ‘ hantazu ’) of the English-based expression ‘Umiushi hunters’, and ultimately as ‘sea slug hunters’ (shortened to ‘hunters’). This name has several layers of meaning, initially it is the name of a diving club in the waters of Jogāshima (城 ケ島), specially devoted to observing nudibranchs in Japan, whose owner, Yugo Ikeda made very important contributions to collecting and observing members of the new family and genus for the present study. However, the much more general, world-wide and, therefore, universal meaning of the expression ‘ Umiushihantazu/hantazu —Umiushi hunters/hunters’ is that it is a metaphor of the growing community of citizen scientists,
of posterior part of radula, SEM. O, radular teeth, details of posterior part of radula, SEM. P, jaw, SEM. Q, penis with strongly curved penial stylet, SEM. R, apical part of penial stylet, SEM. Paratype KM1071 Honshu , Japan, 15 mm length (live). S, T: S, dorsal view. T, penis with strongly curved hollow penial stylet, SEM. U, scheme of reproductive system. Scale bars: E, 10 μm; F, 20 μm; G, 100 μm; H, 20 μm; I, 10
μm; J, 20 μm; K, 20 μm; M, 50 μm; N, 20 μm; O. 30 μm; P. 200 μm; Q. 100 μm; R. 10 μm; T. 100 μm; U, 0.5 mm. Photos and SEM images: Alexander Martynov. Abbreviations: a, ampulla; fgm, female gland mass; hd, hermaphroditic duct; p, penis; pr, prostate; psh, penial sheath; rsd, receptaculum seminis distal; rsp, receptaculum seminis proximal; st, penial stylet; vd, vas deferens.
who in Japan, as well as in many other parts of the world, continue the painstaking and important work of observing and collecting nudibranch molluscs and other sea slugs to help scientists reveal and document the enormous diversity of these astonishing marine animals.
Diagnosis: Body narrow. Notal edge discontinuous. Cerata in separate indistinct clusters on small lobes or in short rows, numerous per row. Rhinophores smooth. Anterior foot corners present. Anus pleuroproctic. Elaborate oral glands present. Edge of masticatory processes bears denticles that may form a compound row of thickened denticles comprised of some smaller tubercles. Radula formula 0.1.0. Central teeth with non-compressed cusps and peculiar denticles, making teeth in total partially ‘feather-like’. Lateral teeth absent. Proximal and distal receptaculum seminis. Moderately long vas deferens, and distinct, thick prostate. Supplementary and accessory glands absent. Massive external permanent penial collar absent. Penis internal, conical with moderately long to a shorter hollow stylet.
Genera included: Hantazuia gen. nov..
Remarks: Hantazuidae fam. nov. and Hantazuia gen. nov. are unique among all families of the superfamily Flabellinopsoidea so far known and sister to Flabellinoidea ( Figs 1, 2; Tables 1–4) by the confirmed presence of a uniserial radula within the three new species of this new family (see Synopsis below). However, by molecular phylogenetic data Hantazuidae fam. nov. robustly aligns as sister to the morphologically very different triserial family Flabellinopsidae ( Figs 1, 2). Furthermore, by combination of the long narrow body with discontinuous notal edge, uniserial radula, reproductive system without supplementary gland, and penis armed with a distinct stylet, Hantazuidae fam. nov. and Hantazuia gen. nov. are strongly different from both Flabellinopsoidea and Flabellinoidea and all taxa of the suborder Aeolidacea . The family ‘Piseinotecidae’ (where an undescribed species of Hantazuidae fam. nov. and Hantazuia gen. nov. has been sometimes assigned as ‘ Piseinotecus ’ sp.; Gosliner et al. 2015) was recently revised and most of the included taxa have been transferred to the family Flabellinidae , but the presence of a uniserial radula had not been confirmed ( Korshunova et al. 2017a), continuing the need for a revision in the present study (see Synopsis above and below). However, morphologically, the type species of the genus Piseinotecus Er. Marcus, 1955 drastically differs from Hantazuidae fam. nov. and Hantazuia gen. nov. by a few clustered cerata, acleioproctic position of the anal opening, details of radular teeth, and an unarmed penis. For the type species of the genus Piseinotecus , P. divae Er. Marcus, 1955 ( Marcus 1955), representing the only genus of the family Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970 , molecular data are not available. However, even in the most complicated scenario, if after the molecular data become available, true Piseinotecus will align to a clade related to Hantazuia gen. nov., the significant morphological differences will warrant true Piseinotecus as a separate family, Piseinotecidae , from Hantazuidae fam. nov.. Remarkably, for only a few of the supposed former ‘ Piseinotecus ’ species for which the presence of the uniserial radula is confirmed, ‘ Piseinotecus ’ soussi Tamsouri et al., 2014 , according to the data of the present study, in reality the species belongs to the family Unidentiidae as a new genus, placed in a completely different clade from the core Flabellinopsoidea and Flabellinoidea clades ( Figs 1, 2; see description in Synopsis above). Additionally, a species ‘ Cuthona ’ behrensi has been described from the eastern tropical Pacific with external features (pleuroproctic anus) and patterns of a uniserial radula similar to Hantazuia gen. nov., but reported with an absence of cnidosacs and a supplementary gland inserted into the penis ( Hermosillo and Valdes 2007). Molecular data are not available for ‘ Cuthona ’ behrensi . The presence of a supplementary gland, together with the other described characters, is unlikely and we consider this an error of description. Nevertheless, if further studies confirm its presence, that taxon will constitute a separate genus of the family Hantazuidae fam. nov., but currently we consider ‘ Cuthona ’ behrensi within the genus Hantazuia gen. nov. with a question mark. From all western warm-water and tropical Pacific species of the genus Hantazuia gen. nov. described below, the eastern Pacific ‘ Cuthona ’ behrensi differs by the details of its central radular teeth. This case further highlights the danger of the use of a pan-lumping approach, since the latter completely unrelated species has been masked using the erroneous catch-all ‘ Cuthona sensu latissimo ’.
Thus, the ‘family Piseinotecidae’ is undoubtedly highly polyphyletic and a uniserial radula clearly evolved several times within Aeolidacea ( Figs 1, 2). In the present study we, therefore, for the first time take further significant steps in the reformation of the former highly artificial in many respects family ‘Piseinotecidae’. Given the profound lumping and uncertain usage of the family ‘Piseinotecidae’ and the genus ‘ Piseinotecus ’ throughout the history of nudibranch taxonomy, when former ‘members’ of the family ‘Piseinotecidae’ have been confirmed as belonging to at least three different and distantly related superfamilies Flabellinoidea , Flabellinopsoidea , and Unidentioidea (present study; Figs 1, 2), and to the three different families, namely, Flabellinidae , Hantazuidae fam. nov., and Unidentiidae , we did not include the family ‘Piseinotecidae’ into the present Synopsis, and consider it as incertae sedis. See also the foundation of the aeolidacean superfamilies under remarks of another new family Chudidae fam. nov. above. The description and robust placement of the uniserial family Hantazuidae fam. nov. (including the descriptions of hidden diversity of no less than three species of the new genus Hantazuia gen. nov.) within an otherwise fundamentally triserial superfamily Flabellinopsoidea ( Fig. 2) indeed represents a very remarkable and important result of the present study.
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Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile |
T |
Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics |
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