Clathrina conifera Klautau & Borojević, 2001

Clathrina conifera Klautau & Borojević, 2001 View in CoL

( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ; Table 3)

Synonyms: Clathrina primordialis [non C. primordialis ( Haeckel, 1872) ]— Borojević 1971: 527; Borojević & Peixinho 1976: 992; Mothes de Moraes 1985: 228; Klautau et al. 1994: 372; Muricy & Silva 1999: 160. Clathrina conifera — Klautau & Borojević 2001: 404; Klautau & Valentine 2003: 18; Monteiro & Muricy 2004: 682; Muricy & Hajdu 2006: 86; Lanna et al. 2007: 1554; Custódio & Hajdu 2011: 4; Muricy et al. 2011: 33; Bouzon et al. 2012: 42; Klautau et al. 2016: 16; Bumbeer et al. 2016: 4.

Type locality: Arraial do Cabo , Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil .

Material examined: MNRJ2009 View Materials , Búzios Island , Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 08/II/1999 .

Colour: White in life and in ethanol ( Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ).

Morphology and anatomy: Clathroid cormus formed by irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes, with one simple apical osculum ( Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ). No water-collecting tubes. Consistency soft and delicate, and cormus surface smooth. Aquiferous system asconoid. The skeleton is composed only of triactines without organisation ( Fig. 3B, C View FIGURE 3 ).

Spicules ( Table 3):

Triactines: Regular to subregular (equiangular, but with all the actines with different lengths). Actines are straight and conical, with blunt tips ( Fig. 3C View FIGURE 3 ). Size: 81.3 (±13.6)/9.8 (±1.4) µm.

Ecology: The specimen was collected on a vertical wall, associated with Haliclona ( Soestella) sp. (class Demospongiae).

Geographic distribution: Northeastern Brazil ecoregion— Pernambuco State ( Borojević & Peixinho 1976), Brazil. Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Vitória-Trindade Seamounts Chain, Espírito Santo State ( Borojević & Peixinho 1976), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Armação dos Búzios, Arraial do Cabo, Cagarras Archipelago and Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State ( Borojević & Peixinho 1976; Mothes de Moraes 1985; Klautau et al. 1994; Muricy & Silva 1999; Klautau & Borojević 2001; Klautau & Valentine 2003; Monteiro & Muricy 2004; Muricy & Hajdu 2006); Ubatuba, Búzios Island (Ilhabela) and Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State ( Borojević 1971; Lanna et al. 2007; present work); Currais Marine Protected Area, Paraná State ( Bumbeer et al. 2016); Arvoredo and Campeche Islands, Santa Catarina State ( Bouzon et al. 2012), Brazil.Adriatic Sea ecoregion— Island of Lokrum ( Klautau et al. 2016), Croatia.

Remarks: Both cormus and spicules correspond to the original description, as well as to Lanna et al. (2007), who firstly reported C. conifera from São Sebastião ( Table 3). Clathrina conifera has a wide distribution in Brazil, occurring from the northeastern to the southeastern Brazilian coast (approx. 3.000 km). Recently it was found also in the Adriatic Sea, with the morphological identification being confirmed by molecular analyses ( Klautau et al. 2016).