Cinnamomum crassinervium Miq.

5. Cinnamomum crassinervium Miq. View in CoL — Map 2 View Map 2

Cinnamomum crassinervium Miq. (1864) 264; Merr. (1921) 272; Cammerl. (1925) 488;Masam.(1942) 308;Kosterm.(1970b) 37;J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 222. — Type: Mueller s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035758 ), Kalimantan.

Cinnamomum endlicheriicarpum Kosterm. (1969) 460; (1970b) 57, syn. nov. — Type: Sekalang BRUN 5285 (holo BO; iso K, KEP , L, SAR, SING), Brunei.

Tree to 25 m tall, to 16 cm diam. Bark whitish, greyish brown or dark brown; sapwood yellowish white. Twigs terete, 2 – 3 mm diam, apically angular, glabrous, yellowish brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 4 mm long, glabrous. Leaves opposite or subopposite, trinerved or triplinerved, coriaceous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, obovate, ovate, oblanceolate or lanceolate, (7–)13– 22(– 26) by (2.5 –)3 –7(– 9) cm, base cuneate to rounded, apex acute or acuminate, acumen 1– 2 cm long; midrib to 1 mm broad, raised on both surfaces; lateral veins distinctly raised on both sides, extending to the base of acumen; major intercostal veins 1–2 mm apart, obscure, slender, scalariform, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petiole, (0.8 –) 1–1.5 cm long, 1.5– 2 mm diam, glabrous, grooved above. Inflorescences axillary, and/or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with second or third order of branching, c. 16 cm long; rachis c. 1 mm broad, appressed hairy. Flowers appressed hairy, yellowish when fresh; pedicels 3 – 6 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam; hypanthium inconspicuous; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 2 mm long; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers of the first and second whorl of stamens 4-locular, those of the third whorl 2- or 4-locular, ovoid with truncate apex, filaments c. 1/2 the length of the stamen; glands sessile and attached at the base of filaments; staminodes c. 0.5 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose, to 1 mm across, stigma trilobed. Fruits oblong, c. 2 by 1 cm, depressed at apex with pointed tip; cupule funnel-shaped, thick, 1 cm high, 1 cm diam, glabrous; perianth lobes persistent, oblong ovate, large, 1–1.5 by 1–1.5 cm, plicate, thickly coriaceous, glabrous; pedicel obconical, triangular in cross-section, 0.5–1 cm long, apex to 0.5 cm diam, base c. 2 mm diam.

Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sabah (Kinabatangan, Labuk Sagut, Pensiangan and Ranau districts), Sarawak (Belaga, Bintulu, Kuching, Lawas, Lubok Antu, Marudi, Miri and Samarahan districts), Brunei and East Kalimantan.

Habitat & Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp, kerangas, lower submontane forest and limestone forest at altitudes to 600 m.

Vernacular names — Medang emparawas, Medang tiga, Medang tiga urat, Medang tija (all Malay), Wale (Murut).

Uses — In Borneo, a paste from crushed leaves and bark is applied to the forehead to treat headache. The root decoction is used for stomach ache.

Notes — 1. In 1969, Kostermans described C. endlicheriicarpum based on BRUN 5285. However, this specimen belongs to C. crassinervium because it shows the characteristics of C. crassinervium such as prominent midrib and lateral veins, glabrous blade and cupule that is deep and surrounded by enlarged and plicate perianth lobes.

2. Kostermans (1970b) included BNBFD 3159 and S 27141 View Materials under C. pendulum but these two specimens in my opinion belong to C. crassinervium .

3. This species together with C. lawang are distinguished from other Cinnamomum species of Borneo by their enlarged fleshy cupule and perianth lobes. The continuous growth of perianth lobes in the fruiting stage is unusual in Cinnamomum , particularly in C. crassinervium where they become plicate and enlarged (1–1.5 by 1–1.5 cm) to tightly fit on the cupule.