Enochrus (Holcophilydrus) simulans ( Sharp, 1873 )

Enochrus (Holcophilydrus) simulans ( Sharp, 1873) View in CoL

Figs 1–10 View Figs 1–4 View Figs 5–8 View Figs 9–12 , 13–14 View Figs 13–16 , 19–24 View Figs 17–24 , 27–33 View Figs 25–33 , 34–41, 45–47 View Figs 34–47 , 49–51 View Figs 48–51 , 54–56 View Figs 52–56 .

Philhydrus simulans Sharp, 1873: 59 Philhydrus umbratus Sharp, 1884: 454 (partim) Enochrus ussuriensis Kniž, 1911: 168 View in CoL Enochrus kishidai Kamiya, 1935: 4 View in CoL

MATERIAL. Type material. Holotype. Male , Japan,

“ Type.” [red bordered round printed label]”, “ Japan, G.

Lewis, 1910-320” [printed labels], Philhydrus simulans ,

Type D.S.” [Sharp's writing], Holotypus, Philydrus simulans

Sharp, 1873 ♂, des. Shödl, 1996” [red label Shödl 's writing]

( NHML).

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL. China: San Chekhe [riv- er Sanchahe, Jilin Province], [leg.] Grachevsky, 14.VII. [18]91, 1 specimen ( ZISP) . North Korea. Sariuon, prov. Khoankhado, S. Koreya [North Korea], 2.VII.[1]950, [leg.] Bokhsenius, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 19.VII.[1]950, 24 specimens ( ZISP) ; same data but 20.VII.[1]950, 4 specimens ( ZISP) . Japan. “Japan, G. Lewis, 1905-313” [printed labels], “Hakodate” [Sharp's writing], “umbratus ” [ Sharp's writing],” Paralectotypus, Philydrus umbratus Sharp, 1884 ♂, des. Shödl, 1996” [red label Shödl 's writing], “ Philhydrus umbratus Sharp , paralectotype, S. Ryndevich & A. Prokin des., 2021 [red printed label]”; female “ Philydrus umbratus , Niigata, 14.9.81, Lewis” [Sharp’s writing on the face of the card], “Japan, G. Lewis ” [printed label], “Sharp Coll. 1905-313” [print- ed label] , ” Paralectotypus, Philydrus umbratus Sharp, 1884 ♀, des. Shödl, 1996” [2 red labels Shödl 's writing], “ Paralectotype ” [blue bordered round printed label]; “ Philydrus umbratus Sharp , paralectotype, S. Ryndevich & A. Prokin des., 2021 [red printed label] (all in NHML) . Tsuruga [Fukui Prefecture], Nippon, Japan , 29.VIII.[1]917, [leg.] Rashkovskiy, 1 specimen ( ZISP) . Russia. Primorsky Krai. Primorsk. kr. [Primorsky Krai], Ussur. r-n [Ussuriysky district], s. [vllage] Kamenushka , 25.VII.1982; [leg.] N. Nikitsky, 2 specimens ( ZMMU) ; same data but 12.VII.1982, 1 specimen ( ZMMU) ; Primorskiy kray [Primorsky Krai], s. [village] Lazo , 7–8.VIII.2005, na svet [at light], leg. Yu. Sundukov, 1 specimen ( CSR) ; same data but 7–13.VI.2006, 1 specimen ( IBIW) ; Lazovskiy zapov. [Lazovski Reserve], uste r. [river mouth] Sokolovka , 28.VII.2005, na svet [at light], leg. Yu. Sundukov, 2 specimens ( MPU) ; s. [village] Lazo , 7–13.VIII.2006, leg. Sundukov, Shokhrin, 2 specimens ( CSR, MPU) . Lazovskiy zap-k [Lazovski Reserve], Sokolovka , 16.VIII.2005, na svet [at light], leg. Sundukov, Shokhrin, 2 specimens ( MPU, IBIW) ; same data but 28.VII.2005, 2 specimens ( IBIW) ; Primorsky Krai, Spassk-Dalny , at light, 10.VII.2016, leg. M.E. Sergeev, 3 specimens ( IBIW) ; [Khankaysky District], [village] Troitskoe, oz. [lake] Khanka, Primor’e [Primorye]. 17.VII.[19]09, [leg.] Cherskiy 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 3.VII.[19]09, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 4.VII.[19]09, 2 specimens ( ZISP) , same data but 5.VII.[19]09, 4 specimens ( ZISP) ; same data but 6.VII.[19]09, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 11.VII.[19]09, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 13.VII.[19]09, 20 specimens ( ZISP) ; same data but 14.VII.[19]09, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 17.VII.[19]09, 5 specimens ( ZISP) ; same data but 26.VII.[19]09, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; [village] Kamen-Ribolov, oz. [lake] Khanka, Yuzhnouss. [South Ussuri Krai, old name], 7.V.[19]08, [leg.] A. Cherskiy 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 3.IX.[19]08, 2 specimens ( ZISP) ; Primorsk. obl. [Primorskaya Oblast, old name], oz. [lake] Khanka , [vllage] Kamen-Ribolov 31.VII.[19]10, [leg.] Tarobarov, 4 specimens ( ZISP) ; same data but 17.VII.[19]10, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; s. [village] Monastyrishche, Prim. o. [Primorskaya Oblast, old name], 20.VI.[1]907, [leg.] Emel’yanov, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; Dol. [valley] Lunzy [Lunza River, old name, now Gribnaya River in Chernigovsky District], Prim. o. [Primorskaya Oblast, old name], VII.[1]915, [leg.] Emel’yanov , 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; St. [station] Devitsa, Yu . oz. [farther south of lake] Khanka , Ussur. kr. [Ussuri Krai, old name], 14.VII.[1]927, Sokolov, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; [village] Yakovlevka, Spas. u. Ussur. kr. [Spassky uezd, Ussuri Krai, old name, now Spassky District], 30.VI.[1]927, [leg] Sokolov, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 7.VIII.[1]926, [leg] Dyakonov, Filip’ev, 4 specimens ( ZISP) ; [village] Vinogradovka, Ussur. kr. [Ussuri Krai, old name], 1–2.VIII.[1]929, [leg.] Dyakonov, Filip’ev, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 4.VIII.[1]929, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; same data but 7.VIII.[1]929, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; Ussuriysk, Primor. 20.VIII.[1]969, [leg.] Kryzhanovskiy, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; r. Tumen-Ula [old name, now Tumen River], Ross-Kor. granits. [Russia-Korea border], 12.VII.[1]913, [leg.] Cherskiy, 8 specimens ( ZISP) ; same data but 13.VII.[1]913, 13 specimens ( ZISP) ; same data but 14.VII.913 5 specimens ( ZISP) ; Primorsk. obl. [Primorskaya Oblast, old name], Tuman-Ula [old name, now Tumen River], 4.VIII.[19]14, Cherskiy, 1 specimen ( ZISP) ; Yu Primor’e [South Primorye], Khasanskiy r-n [Khasansky district]], 8.5 km YuV g. [SE of Khasan urban-type settlement], 42°24'27"N 130°44'59"E, 24.V.2022, leg. K. Makarov, A. Makarov, 1 specimen ( MPU) GoogleMaps ; 10.7 km VSV [ENE of Khasan urban-type settlement], m. [cape] Ostrovok Fashivyy , 42°26'54"N 130°46'47"E, 23.V.2022, leg. K.Makarov, 1 specimen ( MPU) GoogleMaps ; 5 km Z s. [W of village] Pervomayskoe ], bolotse [swamp], h~130, 45°07'57"N 131°46'47"E, 14.V.2024, leg. K. Makarov, 3 specimens ( MPU) GoogleMaps ; 3.5 km Yu p. [S of urban-type settlement] Turiy rog, Vtoraya rechka bereg oz. [shore of lake] Khasan , h~70, 45°11'55"N 131°59'44"E, 13.V.2024, leg. K. Makarov, Yu. Sundukov, 9 specimens ( MPU) GoogleMaps ; Yu Primop’e [South Primorye], Chernigovsky r-n [district]], 2.5 km V. s. [W of village] Merkushevka , h~200, 44°22'19"N 132°49'52"E, 17.V.2024, leg. K. Makarov, 1 specimen ( MPU) GoogleMaps ; okr. p. [near urban-type settlement] Tikhovodnoe, ber. P. [river bank] Ditrievka , 44°25'59"N 132°34'27"E, h~70, 18.VI.2023, leg. I. Melnik, 1 specimen ( MPU) GoogleMaps . Sakhalin Oblast. Kunashir Isl., right slope of Severyanka River valley , 10.VIII.2017, leg. К. Makarov, 1 specimen ( MPU) ; hills south of Stolbchaty cape, 21.VII.2013, leg. Yu. Sundukov, L. Sundukova, 3 specimens. ( CSR, MPU) ; thermal spring 1 km south-east of Alekhino outpost, 18.VII.2009, leg. K. Makarov, A. Zaitsev, 1 specimen ( CSR) ; caldera of Golovnin volcano, western shore of Lake Goryacheye , 30.V.2017, leg. Yu. Sundukov, L. Sundukova, 1 specimen ( MPU) ; coastal marshes between Belozerskaya and Rikorda rivers, 19.VIII.2017, leg. К. Makarov, Yu. Sundukov, 4 specimens ( MPU) ; near Dubovoe, shore of Khlebnikova River , 21.VIII.2017, leg. К. Makarov, Yu. Sundukov, 1 specimen ( MPU) ; watershed of Golovnina and Khlebnikova rivers, 20.VIII.2017, leg. K. Makarov, Yu. Sundukov, 1 specimen ( MPU) ; near Golovnino , at light, 20.VIII.2017, leg. К. Makarov, Yu. Sundukov 1 specimen ( IBIW) ; east of Golovnino , flood-plain, 20.VIII.2017, leg. K. Makarov, Yu. Sundukov, 1 specimen ( MPU) ; mouth of Rikorda River , 22.VIII.2017, leg. К. Makarov, Yu. Sundukov, 1 specimen ( MPU) .

REDESCRIPTION. Form and colour. Body oval, slightly convex ( Figs 1–10 View Figs 1–4 View Figs 5–8 View Figs 9–12 , 15–16 View Figs 13–16 ), length 4.8– 6.0 mm, width 2.5–3.0 mm. Maximum body width in basal part, in front of middle of elytra. Lateral margin of the elytra is sharply rounded at the apices ( Figs 15–16 View Figs 13–16 ). Dorsal side yellowish to reddish-yellow and yellowish-brown. Basal part of head and central triangular spot black. Female with large central dark spot, that reaches the labrum and occupies most of the head ( Figs 23–24 View Figs 17–24 ). Labrum of male usually pale ( Figs 19, 21–22 View Figs 17–24 ), less often darkened ( Fig. 20 View Figs 17–24 ). Female labrum dark ( Figs 23–24 View Figs 17–24 ). Pronotum with four small and one large central dark spots ( Figs 1–10 View Figs 1–4 View Figs 5–8 View Figs 9–12 ). Lateral parts of pronotum and elytra paler. Punctate striae may be darkened ( Figs 1, 3 View Figs 1–4 , 9–10 View Figs 9–12 , 28–30 View Figs 25–33 ). Maxillary palpomeres and antennae yellowish to reddish-yellow or brownish-yellow except for darker club. The last segment is darkened on apex. Ventral surface black to dark brown, posterior margins of abdominal ventrites paler, brown or reddish-brown. Legs reddish-yellow and yellowish-brown, posterior margins of femora darker, tarsi brownish-yellow or reddish-yellow.

Head. Dorsal surface with dense evenly punctation with moderately coarse punctures being of equal size, without microsculpture. Groups of larger and coarser punctures are located around the inner edge of eyes and along anterior margin of head. Clypeus with dense, moderately coarse punctures, interstices without microsculpture. Anterior margin of clypeus with very narrow bead. Eyes big, hardly protruding, emarginated anteriorly, separated by ca. 3.4–3.7× width of one eye ( Figs 19–24 View Figs 17–24 ). Mentum almost flat with setae in anterior part, about 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long. Antennae with 9 antennomeres, scapus ca. about 1× as long as antennomeres 2–5 combined, club non compact. Maxillary palpomere 4 symmetrical, ca. 1.5–1.6× as long as palpomere 3 in length.

Thorax. Elytra and pronotum without microsculpture, have very rare large punctures (with rare trichobothria). Pronotum 3.1–3.4 times as long as elytra. Pronotum ca. 2.2–2.3× as wide as long, strongly narrowed anteriorly. Pronotal punctation similar to that on head. In lateral part of pronotum large punctures formed oval which interrupted from inside at the center level of pronotum. Margins of pronotum narrowly rimmed. Prosternum well developed, protruding anteromedially, with a transverse groove, carina, which can only be detectable posteriorly. Mesoventral elevation high acute and dentiform ( Figs 49–51 View Figs 48–51 ). Metaventrite not abruply raised, with dense punctate pubescence median pentagonal area ca. 0.9–1 × as long as wide, center of pentagonal area glabrous. Scutellum clearly elongated, ca.> 1 × as long as wide ( Figs 34–41 View Figs 34–47 ). Elytra with 9 punctate striae, punctate row at outer edge of elytra and short scutellary stria in base of first elytral interval. Intervals flat; ground punctures on intervals fine. Large punctures (with trichobothria) in elytra situated in the 3 rd, 5 th, 7 th and 9 th elytral intervals. Humeral bulge not distinct. Epipleura rather weakly oblique anteriorly, more so posteriorly. Femora with sparse and shallow punctures ventrally, pubescence part of metafemora occuped about 1/7 of femoral length. Tarsi with very short pale setae ventrally. Fifth tarsomere about as long as tarsomeres 3–4 combined. Claw long, quite widely spaced from fifth protarsomere of male ( Figs 45–47 View Figs 34–47 ).

Abdomen. Abdomen with five exposed ventrites, dense uniformpubescence; first ventrite not carinate; ca. as long as second ventrite, fifth ventrite arcuate, not emarginate apically.

Male genitalia ( Figs 54–56 View Figs 52–56 ). Phallobase symmetrical, about 1.3 times as long as paramere. Parameres strong narrow in apical half; rounded at apex, clear spread at apex ( Fig. 56 View Figs 52–56 ). Penis with narrowly spaced ароdemes, apical part about 1.4 times as long as ароdemes, corona large, situated subapically.

VARIATION. Some males from Japan have dark labrum ( Fig. 20 View Figs 17–24 ). Labrum can be darked completely or only in the center ( Fig. 20 View Figs 17–24 ). Dorsal color is quite variable ( Figs 1–10 View Figs 1–4 View Figs 5–8 View Figs 9–12 ). Specimens from mainland Eurasia have deeper and sharper punctate elytral striae ( Figs 7–10 View Figs 5–8 View Figs 9–12 , 32–33 View Figs 25–33 ), specimens from Kuril islands and Japan have shallower elytral striae ( Figs 1–6 View Figs 1–4 View Figs 5–8 , 27–31 View Figs 25–33 ).

PUBLISHED RECORDS. Japan [ Zaitsev, 1908], Japan [ Uéno et al., 1985]; Russia: Primorsky Krai: Ussuriysky Nature Reserve; “Tshernye Gory, Venedivnovo” (=Venevitino=Venevitinovo vill., Nadezhdinsky District), “Baranovskij” (= Baranovskiy vill, Nadezhdinsky District, Sakhalin Oblast: Aniva District, 5 km W Aniva) [ Hebauer, 1995]; Primorsky Krai, Japan, [ Shatrovskiy 1989]; China (“Manchuria”, Nei Mongol), Taiwan [ Gentili et al., 1995]; South Korea, Japan, China (“Manchuria”), Taiwan [ Hansen, 1999, 2004]; Korea, Japan, North-East China (including Taiwan), Primorsky Krai [ Kirejtshuk, Shatrovskiy 2001]; Russia: Lazovsky Nature Reserve: Lazo, Sokolovka, Chekhunenko, Bolotnikovo [ Prokin, 2009]; China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei; Shanghai) [Jia, Wang, 2010], Japan (Honshû: Izumo-shi, Kisuki-chô, Nadabunchô, Shakunouchi-kôen Shimane-ken, Sonochô; Kyushu: Nakanosu; Okinoshima) [ Minoshima, Hayashi, 2011]; subtaiga zone of Russian Far East and Japan [ Ryndevich, 2014]; South Korea (Nohwa and Bogil Islands); South Korea (Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeongsangbukdo, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Gangwon-do, Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam-do, Jeju-do); North Korea, China, Japan, Far East Russia [ Jung et al., 2020]; Kunashir Isl.: right slope of Severyanka River valley, hills south of Stolbchaty cape, thermal spring 1 km south-east of Alekhino outpost, the caldera of Golovnin volcano, western shore of Lake Goryacheye, coastal marshes between Belozerskaya and Rikorda rivers, near Dubovoe, shore of Khlebnikova River, watershed of Golovnina and Khlebnikova rivers, near Golovnino, flood-plain east of Golovnino, the mouth of Rikorda River [ Ryndevich et al., 2021], Spassk-Dalny [ Sazhnev et al., 2021].

DISTRIBUTION. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei; Shanghai), North Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Okinoshima), Russia (Far East), South Korea, Taiwan ( Fig. 57 View Fig ) .

BIONOMICS. Water beetles. Species is found in rivers, lakes, thermal streams, flies at light.