Callochiton doriae ( Capellini, 1859 )

Callochiton doriae ( Capellini, 1859) View in CoL

Fig. 51 View FIGURE 51

Chiton euplaeae O.G. Costa, 1830, p. i, iv, pl. 1, fig. 3 ( nomen dubium).

Chiton doriae Capellini, 1859, p. 325 , pl. 12, fig. 2.

Chiton laevis var. doriae ; Monterosato 1879, p. 26.

Callochiton laevis View in CoL ; Laghi 1977, p. 108, pl. 2, figs 14–18, partim; Bałuk 1984, p. 290, partim; Zanaroli 1985, p. 79, partim; Macioszczyk 1988, p. 54, pl. 3, figs 13a–b, 14a–b; Studencka & Studencki 1988, p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 4.

Callochiton achatinus View in CoL ; Malatesta 1962, p. 158, fig. 15; Sabelli & Taviani 1979, p. 161, pl. 1, figs 20–22; Bellomo & Sabelli 1995, p. 201.

Chiton rariplicatus Reuss, 1860, p. 258 –259, pl. 8, figs 10–11; Procházka 1900, p. 72, 118; Šulc 1934, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 5; Sieber 1958, p. 144.

Tonicia rariplicata ; de Rochebrune 1882, p. 61.

Callochiton rariplicatus View in CoL ; Bałuk 1971, p. 461, pl. 5, figs 1–5, partim; Jakubowski & Musiał 1977, p. 77, pl. 3, fig. 2.

Callochiton septemvalvis euplaeae View in CoL ; Kaas 1978, p. 73.

Callochiton septemvalvis View in CoL [non Callochiton septemvalvis ( Montagu, 1803) View in CoL ]; Dell’Angelo & Forli 1995a, p. 226, figs 10, 17; Dell’Angelo & Giusti 1997, p. 52, fig. 5; Dell’Angelo & Smriglio 1999, p. 125, pls 40–41, figs 55–63; Dell’Angelo et al. 2001a, p. 147, fig. 10; Dell’Angelo & Silva 2003, p. 11, partim; Forli et al. 2003, p. 152; Chirli 2004, p. 8, pl. 3, figs 1–4; Dell’Angelo et al. 2004, p. 34, pl. 3, figs 2, 5, partim; Garilli et al. 2005, p. 134, pl. 2, figs 7–10; Dell’Angelo & Vardala-Theodorou 2006, p. 326, 2 figs; Dell’Angelo et al. 2007b, p. 141; Koskeridou et al. 2009, p. 314, figs 8.3–8.4; Dell’Angelo et al. 2012, p. 60, fig. 4L; Dell’Angelo et al. 2013, p. 83, pl. 5, figs N–P; Ruman & Hudáčková 2015, p. 160, figs 2.7, 2.8, 3.1.

Callochiton doriae View in CoL ; Dell’Angelo et al. 2016, p. 74, pl. 1, figs 5–9; Brunetti & Cresti 2018, p. 28, fig. 6; Dell’Angelo et al. 2018b, p. 31, fig. 16; Dell’Angelo et al. 2020b, p. 52, tab. 9; Dell’Angelo et al. 2021b, p. 417, figs 82–89; Dell’Angelo et al. 2022, p. 12, fig. 7.13–7.18; Brunetti & Cresti 2023, p. 10.

Callochiton euplaeae View in CoL ; Carmona Zalvide & García 2000, p. 8; Carmona Zalvide et al. 2002, p. 186, pls. 1–2.

Callochiton septemvalvis euplaeae View in CoL ; Segers et al. 2009, p. 52, pl. 1, figs 5, 5a.

Type material. Unknown. Not present at MSNG ( M. Tavano, pers. com.) .

Type locality. Gulf of La Spezia .

Material examined. Lower Miocene: Italy: Sciolze (Burdigalian): 3 valves ( MZB 32059, PG), Fig. 51E View FIGURE 51 . Middle Miocene: Italy: Albugnano (Langhian): 2 valves ( MZB 32060, Figs 51F–H View FIGURE 51 , PG); Central Paratethys (Langhian-Serravallian): Hungary: Bánd: 1 valve ( BD 579, Letkés: 1 valve ( BD 580); Romania: Lapugy: 1 valve ( BD 581); Eastern Paratethys: Ukraine: Varovtsi: 3 valves ( BD 582, Figs 51A–B View FIGURE 51 ). Upper Miocene (Tortonian): France: Saint-Clément-de-la-Place: 162 valves ( MNHN.F.A67108–110, Figs 51J–L View FIGURE 51 , NHMW 2017/0108/0028, RGM.1008408–1008410, RGM.1008434, BD 145), Renauleau: 9 valves ( MNHN.F.A67111, BD 146). Italy: Rio di Bocca d’Asino: 20 valves ( BD 583, MZB 32062–32063, PG), Villa Monti: 1 valve ( MZB 32061). Lower Pliocene: Italy: Liguria: Borzoli: 63 valves ( BD 584), Bussana: 53 valves ( BD 585), Caranchi: 8 valves ( BD 586, MP, MZB 45726, Fig. 51I View FIGURE 51 ), Garlenda: 1 valve ( MP), Genova Sestri: 11 valves ( BD 587), Rio Sant’Antonino: 52 valves ( MP), Rio Torsero: 5 valves ( BD 588, MP, MZB 45725), Zinola: 1 valve ( BD 589). Pliocene: Spain: Estepona: 11 valves ( BD 590). Portugal: Vale de Freixo: 213 valves ( GeoFCUL VFX.03.340–341, GeoFCUL VFX.03.356–357, RGM.1364012–1364013, MNHN.F. A81987 View Materials , BD 242). Italy: Emilia-Romagna: Cava di Campore: 11 valves ( BD 591), Gagliardella “Tagliata”: 2 valves ( BD 592), Marano sul Panaro: 2 valves ( BD 593); Tuscany: Bibbiano: 3 valves ( BD 594); Castell’Anselmo: 4 valves ( BD 595); Castiglioncello del Trinoro: 2 valves ( BD 596); Colle Val d’Elsa: 4 valves ( BD 597); Orciano Pisano: 19 valves ( BD 598); Pietrafitta: 51 valves ( BD 599); Serre di Rapolano: 2 valves ( BD 600); Umbria: Orvieto: 1 valve ( BD 601); Sicily: Altavilla: 5 valves ( AG, AR, BD 602), Trappeto: 10 valves ( BD 603). Upper Pliocene to upper Pleistocene: France: Bosq d’Aubigny: 2 valves ( RGM.1310185). Pleistocene: Greece: Kyllini: 16 valves ( BD 604, DGUP, Figs 51C–D View FIGURE 51 ); Italy: Tuscany: Capraia Island-Capo Corso -350/ 500m: 27 valves ( BD 605), Cisternino: 10 valves ( BD 606), Fauglia: 7 valves ( BD 607); Riparbella: 75 valves ( BD 608); Emilia-Romagna: Torrente Guerro: 1 valve ( BD 609), Torrente Stirone: 24 valves ( BD 610); Puglia: Cutrofiano: 2 valves ( BD 611), Gallipoli: 5 valves ( BD 612); Calabria: Archi S. Francesco: 13 valves ( BD 613), Carrabbati: 2 valves ( BD 614), Gallina: 8 valves ( BD 615), Le Castella: 33 valves ( BD 616), Musalà: 2 valves ( BD 617), Pecoraro: 38 valves ( BD 618), Petti di Carrubbare: 1 valve ( BD 619), Pezzo: 6 valves ( BD 620), San Procopio: 10 valves ( BD 621), Saracinello: 1 valve ( BD 622), Stalettì: 4 valves ( BD 623), Terreti: 1 valve ( BD 624), Torrente Boscaino: 6 valves ( BD 625), Valle Lamato: 2 valves ( BD 626); Sicily: Capo Milazzo: 11 valves ( BD 627), Ficarazzi: 4 valves ( BD 628), Gravitelli: 1 valve ( BD 629), Messina : 1 valve ( BD 630), Salice: 1 valve ( BD 631), Casa Parrino: 2 valves ( BD 632). Maximum width of the valves: 4.6 / 6.3 / 4 mm.

Description. Head valve semicircular, posterior margin widely V-shaped, front slope straight to shlightly concave. Intermediate valves broadly rectangular, width about three times length (W/L = 2.80–3.17), carinate in anterior profile, moderately elevated (dorsal elevation 0.33–0.41), anterior margin regularly convex or somewhat sinuate, side margins slightly rounded, posterior margin slightly concave at both sides of pronounced apex, lateral areas raised, Tail valve semicircular (W/L = 1.58–1.65), anterior margin straight or slightly convex, central mucro, small, hardly raised, antemucronal slope almost straight, postmucronal slope straight or very slightly concave directly behind mucro.

Tegmentum granulose, rough. HV, LA and PMA sculptured with fine microgranules, fuse into continuous radial lines, marked with a few concentric growth lines toward outer margins, and with characteristic black dots, pigmented cusps of shell-eyes, irregularly distributed in HV and PMA, in radiating rows in LA, except for a narrow strip along posterior margin. CA and AMA sculptured with longitudinal lines of micraesthetes interrupted only by megalaesthetes irregularly distributed, with 3–8 longitudinal grooves strongly variable, which may reach upper edge.

Articulamentum with apophyses wide, short, regularly rounded, connected at jugum by a lamina, insertion plates short, with many slits, slit formula 15–16 / 2 / 14–16, teeth irregular, slit rays well visible, eaves very porous.

Remarks. Some confusion exists about the taxonomic assessment of Callochiton doriae ( Capellini, 1859) and C. septemvalvis ( Montagu, 1803) (see Dell’Angelo & Smriglio 1999; Carmona Zalvide et al. 2002). Kaas (1978) proposed to separate at subspecific level the typical Atlantic ( Callochiton septemvalvis septemvalvis ) from the Mediterranean form ( C. septemvalvis euplaeae O.G. Costa, 1829), the latter being characterized by a smaller size and the presence of longitudinal grooves on the pleural areas. Subsequently, Sigwart et al. (2013) recognize that Atlantic Callochiton septemvalvis ( France) and Mediterranean Callochiton euplaeae ( Croatia, Adriatic Sea) are genetically different enough to warrant their specific separation.

The species were identified as Chiton euplaeae by O.G. Costa (1830, not 1829, as usually indicated, see Fasulo 2013) and Chiton doriae by Capellini (1859), respectively; however, the correct attribution to C. euplaeae is questionable, because Chiton euplaeae must be considered a nomen dubium ( Dell’Angelo & Palazzi 1994; Dell’Angelo et al. 2016). We follow here Dell’Angelo et al. (2016) and attribute fossil valves of Callochiton without longitudinal grooves on the pleural areas to Callochiton septemvalvis , whilst those provided of longitudinal grooves to Callochiton doriae ( Capellini, 1859) synonym of Callochiton euplaeae , nomen dubium).

Already Bałuk (1971) mentioned the similarity between Chiton rariplicatus Reuss 1860 from the Paratethys and C. laevis ( Montagu, 1803) (now Callochiton doriae ) and later many other authors (e.g., Bałuk 1984; Macioszczyk 1988; Studencka & Studencki 1988; Ruman & Hudáčková 2015) confirm the conspecifity of Chiton rariplicatus and Callochiton doriae . All authors describe and illustrate the valves from the Paratethys with longitudinal grooves on CA and AMA, agreing with the attribution to C. doriae . Only Bałuk (1971: p. 461) reports: “...shallow and very distinct longitudinal furrows occur on the central area of most specimens ”, suggesting that valve without furrows (and therefore attributable to C. septemvalvis ) could also be present. Considering that there are no other reports or figures of valves without grooves on CA and AMA, and with the further confirmation of all the material examined by us, we believe that only Callochiton doriae is present in Paratethys, and not C. septemvalvis .

The number of longitudinal grooves is variable, between 3 and 8, mainly with short grooves along the diagonal ridge ( Figs 51F, 51J View FIGURE 51 ) or with longer grooves, of which only a few reaching the anterior margin ( Figs 51C, 51E View FIGURE 51 ).

A tail valve from the Pliocene of Caranchi ( Fig. 51I View FIGURE 51 ) show the development of a new insertion plate under the already existing one, an abnormality already known but rarely reported, and especially rare in fossil valves ( Dell’Angelo & Schwabe 2010).

Comparisons. This species is very similar to Callochiton septemvalvis (see below), from which it differs mainly by the presence of some longitudinal grooves on CA and AMA. Other differences are discussed by Carmona Zalvide et al. (2002), in a study on Callochiton spp . living in the Iberian Peninsula (see below under Callochiton septemvalvis ).

Distribution. Lower Miocene: Proto–Mediterranean Sea (Burdigalian): N. Italy: Sciolze ( Dell’Angelo et al. 2016). Middle Miocene: Proto–Mediterranean Sea (Langhian): Po Basin, N. Italy: Albugnano ( Dell’Angelo et al. 2016); Central Paratethys (Langhian–Serravallian): Austria: Steinabrunn ( Šulc 1934), Czech Republich: Knínice, Rudoltice ( Reuss 1860; Šulc 1934), Hungary: Bánd, Letkés (this study), Poland: Korytnica, Lychów, Monastyrz, Nawodzice Rybnica, Węglin, Weglinek ( Bałuk 1965, 1971, 1984; Jakubowski & Musiał 1977; Macioszczyk 1988; Studencka & Studencki 1988), Romania: Lapugy (this study), Slovakia: Devínska Nová Ves, Kúty, Rohožník ( Kováč et al. 1999; Ruman & Hudáčková 2015); Eastern Paratethys: Ukraine: Varovtsi (this study). Upper Miocene: northeastern Atlantic (Tortonian): Ligerian Basin, France: Saint-Clément-de-la-Place, Renauleau ( Dell’Angelo et al. 2018b); Proto–Mediterranean Sea (Tortonian): Po Basin, N Italy: Rio di Bocca d’Asino, Villa Monti ( Laghi 1977; Dell’Angelo & Smriglio 1999; Dell’Angelo et al. 2016). Lower Pliocene: central Mediterranean, Italy: many localities in Liguria ( Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2010; Dell’Angelo et al. 2013, 2021b). Pliocene: northeastern Atlantic, Mondego Basin, Portugal: Vale de Freixo ( Dell’Angelo & Silva 2003; Dell’Angelo et al. 2022); western Mediterranean, Estepona Basin, Spain: Estepona (Dell’Angelo et al. 2004); central Mediterranean, Italy: many localities in Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, Sicily ( Dell’Angelo et al. 2001a; Chirli 2004; Dell’Angelo et al. 2012). Upper Pliocene to upper Pleistocene: central Mediterranean, France: Bosq d’Aubigny ( Dell’Angelo et al. 2018b), Greece: Rhodes Island ( Koskeridou et al. 2009). Pleistocene: central Mediterranean, Italy: many localities in Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Puglia, Calabria, Sicily ( Sabelli & Taviani 1979; Dell’Angelo & Giusti 1997; Dell’Angelo et al. 2001a; this study); Greece: Kyllini ( Garilli et al. 2005). Recent: Atlantic coasts of Spain near Gibraltar ( Borja 1987; Carmona Zalvide & García 2000; Carmona Zalvide et al. 2002), Canary Islands ( Kaas 1991) and Madeira Archipelago ( Segers et al. 2009), Morocco: Cape Yubi ( Kaas 1991). Mediterranean Sea: France ( Leloup 1934); Italy: many localities ( Leloup & Volz 1938; Dell’Angelo & Smriglio 1999); Croatia ( Leloup & Volz 1938; Dell’Angelo & Zavodnik 2004); Greece and Aegean Sea Islands ( Strack 1988, 1990; Zenetos & Van Aartsen 1995; Koukouras & Karachle 2005); Lebanon ( Crocetta et al. 2014); Israel ( Barash & Danin 1977); Algeria: Orano ( Pallary 1900); Tunisia: Gulf of Gabes ( Kaas 1989; Cecalupo et al. 2008).