Garnotia tenella (Arn. ex Miq.) Janowski

4. Garnotia tenella (Arn. ex Miq.) Janowski View in CoL

Garnotia tenella (Arn. ex Miq.) Janowski (1921) View in CoL 86. — Berghausia tenella Arn. ex Miq. (1851) View in CoL 34. — Type: Wight Cat. 2599 = Wight Penins. Ind. Or. 3244a (holo E).

Garnotia adscendens Munro var. breviaristata Munro (1865) View in CoL 58, nomen. — Garnotia stricta Brongn. var. breviaristata Stapf ex Hook.f. (1896) View in CoL 243. — Lectotype: Griffith 6783 (K), designated here.

Garnotia ciliata Merr.(1918) View in CoL 130. — Type: Merrill 10701 (PNH lost; iso CAS, G, NY, UC, US).

Garnotia ciliata Merr. var. conduplicata Santos (1944) 89. — Garnotia conduplicata (Santos) Santos (1950) 134. — Type: Hitchcock 19009½ (holo US 1106724; F).

Garnotia fragilis Santos (1944) 89. — Type: Pételot 4745 (holo US 16100035, K 000943330, fragm.; NY, P).

Garnotia brevifolia Ohwi (1947) 9. — Garnotia fragilis Santos var. brevifolia Santos (1950) 132. — Type: Bakhuizen v.d. Brink 4687 (holo BO; K 000290157 , 000290169 , L, US fragm.; B, PNH lost).

Garnotia nitens Santos (1950) 127. — Type: Kerr 9956 (holo US; BM, K 000943328 , 000943329 , SING, UC).

Garnotia fragilis Santos var. parcitorta Santos (1950) 132. — Type: SF 628 (‘ 638 ’) (Haniff) (holo K 000290156, ‘ paucitorta ’; SING).

Garnotia pahangensis Santos (1950) 133. — Type: Seimund 435 (holo K 000290155; SING).

Garnotia ciliata Merr. forma latifolia Santos (1950) 134. — Type: Hitchcock 19009­A (holo US 1106725, fragm. in K).

Garnotia ciliata Merr. forma paupercula Santos (1950) 134. — Type: CCC 2968 ( Levine & McClure) (holo US 1625596).

Garnotia ciliata Merr. forma glabriuscula Santos (1950) 135. — Type: Hitchcock 19009­B (holo UC 279296 ).

Berghausia adscendens Munro , ined.

Garnotia patula auct. non (Munro) Benth.

Garnotia stricta auct. non Brongn.

For a more extensive synonymy see Gould (1972: 528–529).

Plants perennial, sometimes annual. Culms erect to decumbent and rooting in the nodes, branched at base and along the culm, 0.15–0.75(–0.9) m long. Nodes glabrous to pilose. Sheath mouth glabrous to sparsely hairy. Ligule 0.3–0.5(–1.5) mm long. Blades linear, flat, (3–) 5–18 cm by 3–17 mm, glabrous to pilose, sometimes with bulbous-based hairs, base rounded to narrowly attenuate. Panicle (5–) 8–34 cm long, common axis longer than the lowest branches, branches fascicled, sometimes solitary, at maturity appressed to erecto-patent, smooth or scaberulous. Spikelets (2–)3–4.3(–6.5) mm long (excl. awn), callus puberulous, sometimes glabrous, callus hairs 0–0.7 mm long. Glumes subequal, (2–)3–4.3(–6.5) mm long, acute to aristate, arista 0–5 mm long. Lemma awn apical, perfect, geniculate well above the base, column twisted, 0.5–3 mm long. Lemma arista 4–12 mm long. Anthers 0.4–1.2 mm long.

Distribution — Oman (see note), Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, India (widespread), Burma, to S China ( Guangdong, Yunnan). Thailand: Northern: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Phitsa- nulok, Tak; North-eastern: Loei; Eastern: Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat); South-western: Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi; Central: Bangkok, Nakhon Nayok; Eastern: Trat; Peninsular: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phangnga, Phattalung, Trang; South-eastern: Trat; Malesia: Malay Peninsula ( Kedah, Pahang, fide Turner 1997), Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa).

Habitat — Along path in humid deciduous forest, mixed evergreen / pine forest, forest with much bamboo, fire prone areas, along streams, ditches, waterfalls, on tree trunks, rocks, 400–2300 m altitude.

Collector’s notes — Annual. Rhizomes present. Culms tuft- ed, glossy pale green, often with brownish or reddish hue. Leaves dull, pale to dark green above, paler green underneath. Inflorescence axes green. Glumes pale green, straw coloured, with green nerves. Lemmas, paleas white. Awns brownish in lower 1/3–1/2, upper part white. Filaments white.Anthers dark violet. Ovary white. Styles, stigmas dark violet.

Notes — It might be argued that Miquel did not really accept B. tenella as a distinct species, and so the combination is invalid: “vix tamen sufficienti characterum valore genuina species consenda”. Yet, he gave a fairly extensive description and we accept it here as validly described.

We have the impression that this is a facultative rheophyte forming more or less well-developed tufts, which may give the impression of the plants being annual.

Apparently very rare in Malesia and known from single collections, only: Sumatra (West Sumatra, Payakumbu, Meijer 7428, L) with glumes and lemmas with exceptionally long aristas, Java from the Preanger, Wanayasa, on the slopes of Gn. Burangrang ( Bakhuizen v.d. Brink 4687, BO, K, L, US), and Sumbawa (N.W. slope of the G. Batulanteh, Kostermans 18528, A, BO, K, L).

Much overlooked is the occurrence on the Jebel Qamar, Dhafur Prov., Oman ( Cope 2007, as G. stricta ). We have seen specimens or photographs of Cope 694 (K), McLeish 2860 (K), Miller & Nyberg 9241 (E, K), 9264­B (E, K), 9309­A (E, K). The plants are quite young and smaller than seen elsewhere, suggesting annuals that started flowering early. They have a perfect awn, although often with an inconspicuous and barely notably tortuous column, while in 9264­B the arista is hair-like and wavy to curled as in G. stricta var. longiseta .

The vegetation in which they were found is the Hybantho durae­ Anogeissetum dhofaricae association, a deciduous monsoon forest community found only in the Dhofar region of South-western Oman and the Al-Mahra region of Southeast Yemen. Because the plants were found in five different places in September 1989 and October 1993 at altitudes between 700 and 1000 m, it seems to us that they represent a native, not introduced taxon and that this is a Western, very disjunct outlier of the genus .

Garnotia ciliata was previously only known from Loh Fau Mountain, Guangdong, S China, but mentioned by Teerawatananon (2009) for Chiang Mai. Analyses with DELTA ( Dallwitz et al. 1993) found no differences with the widespread G. tenella , which solves the ‘disjunction’.

The types of G. ciliata Merr., G. conduplicata (Santos) Santos , var. glabriuscula Santos , forma latifolia Santos , and forma paupercula Santos were all collected on the same mountain, sometimes even on the same date. Glabrous and setulose glumes also occur in G. stricta var. longiseta . It is remarkable that Santos for these sole four collections distinguished five different taxa!