Lionepha kavanaughi

L. kavanaughi evidently being sister groups, a result consistent with their similar male and female genitalia.

The monophyly of the L. osculans group, the L. erasa group, L. erasa + L. australerasa + L. probata , and L. casta + L. kavanaughi + L. lindrothi are also supported by multigene analyses (STACEY Bayesian analysis, Fig. 8; maximum likelihood tree from a concatenated matrix, Supporting Information, Fig. S1). The multigene trees are also consistent with the phylogeny inferred by Erwin & Kavanaugh (1981).

28S COI CAD Topo wg MSP ArgK 18S #g Lionepha 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 8

L. erasa group 1, -50 36, -55 56, -38 87, -5 100 3, -79 4 L. eras + aus + prob + disj 13, -50 34, -55 16, -44 72, -14 99 90 4 L. eras + aus + prob 51, -12 54, -22 1, -44 8, -50 24, -45 74, -16 3 L. erasa + australerasa 74, -5 75, -6 73, -5 85, -6 89, -3 96 8 L. casta + kav + lind 31, -32 98 100 87, -4 48, -45 23, -68 3 L. casta + kavanaughi 1, -32 25, -38 16, -45 65, -15 83, -11 93 5 L. osculans group 99 83, -16 65, -16 66, -29 24, -63 100 7

L. erasa 0, -24 0, -48 0, -61 29, -28 -97 2 L. australerasa 36, -18 0, -48 15, -51 - - 0 L. probata 79, -8 61, -16 96 100 - 6 L. casta 65, -8 55, -30 83, -10 94 81, -18 7 L. kavanaughi 92 59, -28 97 84, -11 99 7 L. lindrothi 99 92 97 23, -27 - 5 L. disjuncta 92 66, -15 100 100 - 7 L. osculans 55, -16 88, -5 - 89, -5 - 6 L. sequoiae 91 85, -7 76, -14 95 - 7 L. pseudoerasa 97 84, -7 99 18, -35 - 6 L. tuulukwa 97 99 97 52, -25 - 6