Siphonaria propria Jenkins, 1983

Siphonaria propria Jenkins, 1983 View in CoL

( Figs 50I–K View FIGURE 50 , 52A–D, M–N View FIGURE 52 )

Siphonaria propria Jenkins 1983: 23 View in CoL , fig. 5a–e, pl. 5a–f, 6g –j (type locality: Lower littoral, S side Kaikoura Peninsula, E coast, South Island, NZ).— Paul 1984: 28; Raven & Bracegirdle 2010: 46; White & Dayrat 2012: 67.

Siphonaria cookiana View in CoL — Suter 1909b, 258; 1913: 599; 1915: pl. 24, figs 7a, b; Iredale 1915: 478; Odhner 1924: 55; Powell 1933: 186; 1937: 86; 1939: 217; 1946: 91; 1957a: 114; Dell 1960: 148; Morton & Miller 1968: 302, pl. 19, fig. 9, 9a; Berry 1977: 197; Powell 1979: 292, pl. 54, figs 8, 9; White & Dayrat 2012: 62 (not S. cookiana Suter, 1909 View in CoL ).

Siphonaria cookeana — Galindo 1977: 416 (incorrect subsequent spelling of S. cookiana View in CoL ).

Siphonaria (Simplisiphonaria) cookiana View in CoL — Hubendick 1945: 70, fig. 21, 24, 26; 1946: 36, pl. 6, figs 20–22 (not S. cookiana Suter, 1909 View in CoL ).

Siphonaria (Simplisiphonaria) cheesemani View in CoL — Hubendick 1946: 36, pl. 6, fig. 50 (not of S. cheesemani Oliver, 1915 View in CoL ).

Simplisiphonaria cookiana — Trew 1983: 8.

Material examined. Type material. Holotype of S. propria , from Lower littoral, S side Kaikoura Peninsula , E coast, South Island, NZ ( NMNZ M.77363 , Fig. 52A View FIGURE 52 ). Twenty-six paratypes same data as holotype ( NMNZ M.77364 , 10 p; AM C.130361 , 5 d, 11 p).

Lectotype of Siphonaria cookiana Suter, 1909b: 258 , designation by Boreham (1959: 71), GNS TM1197 (figured in Jenkins, 1983: 21, pl. 3e). Six paralectotypes same data as lectotype ( GNS TM1198-1202, 5, figured in Jenkins, 1983: 21, pl. 3f–g; AM C.29118, 1).

Other, non-type material. NZ, North Island: Fiordland, Centre Island, Beetles , Preservation Inlet , 46°8’S, 165°40’E ( MA.100954 4p); GoogleMaps N end Seaview Marina, Lower Hutt , South Island , NZ, 41°14.85’S, 174°54’E, Stn 2011011 ( NMNZ M.331452 6p, [M509, SK429], [M510, SK430], [M511, SK431], [SK428 protoconch H12]) GoogleMaps .

Taxonomic remarks. The original description of S. cookiana ( Suter, 1909b: 258) was based on a series of syntypes that represented two distinct species. Boreham (1959: 71) subsequently designated the lectotype without realising that the syntypes were a mixed series. The lectotype was subsequently identified as a juvenile of S. australis ( Jenkins 1983: 29, pl. 3e) rendering the name S. cookiana a junior synonym of the latter. However, the paralectotypes of S. cookiana represented an unnamed species for which Jenkins (1983) described S. propria . The statement in Hutton (1873: 55) that ‘ S. denticulata is also found in Tasmania and Australia’ is erroneous and probably refers to specimens of S. propria rather than S. australis . Siphonaria denticulata as delineated herein does not occur in New Zealand. Raven & Bracegirdle (2010: 46) erroneously listed S. cookiana as a synonym of S. propria .

External morphology. Foot sole broad, smooth and cream to pale yellow. Foot wall smooth to weakly pustulose, superficially unevenly mottled with grey to black markings, concentrated over two cephalic folds; mantle wide and thin, greyish with irregular black bands corresponding under rib interstices, mantle edge banded white to cream; small black eye spot centralised on each cephalic fold; pneumostomal lobe long, whitish, weakly shaded with mottled black markings.

Shell ( Figs 52A–D, M–N View FIGURE 52 ; Table S9). Ovate, small sized (max sl mean = 12.5 mm, SD = 1.4 mm, n = 5), posteriorly wide, height medium; apex weakly offset to posterior and left ( Jenkins 1983: pl. 5, fig. a–f), and to left of shell centre line; protoconch notched, direction homostrophic (n = 2; Fig. 52M View FIGURE 52 ), shell whorl dextral; exterior pale brown, apical sides weakly convex, growth striae irregular prominent; rib count (mean = 34.6, SD = 1.7, n = 5), ribs slightly raised, irregularly spaced; curve, broaden from apex to protrude weakly beyond shell lip; 1–2 secondary ribs between primary, dual juxtapose primary ribs form distinct siphonal ridge. Interior dark brown, spatula tan to cream, siphonal groove clear, purple-brown to dark brown, curving from shell edge to spatula; white rays weakly corrugate shell edge, extend to shell margin, aligned under external ribs; CMS narrow, shallow, concave. Shell lip may be thickened, whitish or purple-brown.

Reproductive system ( Fig. 50I; n View FIGURE 50 = 2). Positioned within entire right side of coelom, against foot wall on foot muscle; epiphallic parts positioned between BM and RAM. GA small, with singular GP through foot wall behind right cephalic fold; AO indistinct, ED short, broader than BD and CD, unbent, joins to top of GA; GA, AO, ED all white muscular fibrous tissue; EG small, folds of soft whitish tissue, joins ED; single flagellum (F1), with minor bends, appears as a slightly longer and narrower extension of ED; BD and CD connect side-by-side into GA between ED join and GP, both ducts long, narrow, slightly bent, minor unevenness, whitish, pass closely together just inside outer RAM ( BD over CD) into soft white folded tissues of MG; CD connects to ducts in MG / AG complex; BC embedded in MG folds close to large embedded whitish SV; BC spherical to sack-like, thin whitish translucent test; HD short, wide, coiled, links ducts in soft white folded tissues of AG to yellowish granulated HG; outer edge of MG lobbed; AG larger than HG, outer sides match curvature of inner foot wall.

Spermatophore ( Figs 50J–K View FIGURE 50 ): Thread-like (length = 4.63 ± 0.26 mm, n = 3), translucent, test thin; head section bluntly rounded, cylindrical, containing a core white gelatinous mass, tapers along the transparent flagellum to a thin tip; both sections smooth, featureless. Head section shorter wider than flagellum (head length = 4.01 ± 0.16 mm, ~ 87% of SPM length, head width = 112 ± 13 μm; flagellum width = 17 ± 0 μm, n = 3), 3 SPM tightly folded in one BC ( NZNM M.331452).

Radula. ( Jenkins 1983: 27, pl. 6 g –j). Mean dentition formula is 21:1:21 (SD = 3.9, n = 6) with 108 weakly curved (anteriorly convex) transverse rows (SD = 10.9, n = 6), single central tooth with pointed mesocone, flanked by 21 half row laterals, 9 (SD = 2.6) mid and 12 (SD = 1.4) outer lateral teeth means (n = 6), inner lateral teeth are absent; mid lateral mesocone bicuspidate separated by a shallow “U” to “V” shaped cleft, with the inner cusp longer than the outer, with strongly branching pointed ectocone; aberrant laterals are common appearing as extremely broad teeth; outer laterals have a square basal plate supporting a broad, flat ‘chisel’ like unicuspidate mesocone flanked by pointed single ecto- and endocones, widths and angles of separation of endo and ectocones are variable.

Comparative remarks. In our mitochondrial phylogeny, S. propria ( lateralis group, unit 90) is the sister species of S. australis ( Figs 1 View FIGURE 1 , 4 View FIGURE 4 ). Both species form a well-differentiated subclade and differ from each other by COI distances of ≥ 10.4 % (Table S8). In NZ this species has been found in sympatry with two congeners: For comparisons with S. australis and S. obliquata refer to comparative remarks under these species. The RS and SPM of ‘ S. cookiana ’ figured in Hubendick (1945: figs 21, 24, 26; reproduced in Berry 1977, fig. 19) are consistent with RS and SPM of S. propria ( Figs 50I–K View FIGURE 50 ) shown here except for details of the RS ( CD / BD / GP / GA junction, which Hubendick portrayed as wider and with ducts more separated). The radula was briefly described by Hutton (1883: 143) as ‘ S. zelandica ’, which was repeated by Suter (1913: 601). The cusps and type of lateral teeth as seen here agree with Hutton (1883: 143, pl. 17, fig. D). However, the number of teeth and rows recorded by Hutton (33-40:1:40-33 with 130–140 rows) are well above those reported here.

Distribution and habitat. Endemic to New Zealand (southern end of North Island, South Island, Stewart and Chatham Islands; Fig. 51 View FIGURE 51 ). In this study found in sheltered positions on moderately exposed to exposed rocky shores, mid to lower littoral levels ( Fig. 52N View FIGURE 52 ).