Helleborus multifidus subsp. serbicus, (Adamovic) Merxm. & Podi. Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus Helleborus bocconei, Ten. Helleborus bocconei subsp. siculus, (Schiffner) Merxm. & Podi. Helleborus dumetorum, Waldst. & Kit. Helleborus dumetorum subsp. dumetorum Helleborus dumetorum subsp. atrorubens, (Waldst. & Kit.) Merxm. & Podi. Helleborus niger, L. Helleborus niger subsp. macranthus Eranthis Salisb. Eranthis hyemalis, (L.) Salisb.

(b) Subsp. serbicus (Adamovic) Merxm. & Podi. View in CoL , Feddes Repert. 64: 5 (1961):

Srbija.

(c) Subsp. istriacus View in CoL (Schiffner) Merxm. & Podi., loc. cit. (1961):

Jugoslavia.

8. H. bocconei Ten. View in CoL , Corso Bot. Lez. 4 (1): 459 (1822).

Like 6 but leaf-segments 5-7, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, usually divided to the middle. Italy, Sicilia. It Si.

(a) Subsp. bocconei :

Leaves pubescent, at least on the veins beneath; basal leaves 20-30 cm wide. C. & S. Italy.

(b) Subsp. siculus (Schiffner) Merxm. & Podi. View in CoL , Feddes Repert. 64: 5 (1961):

Leaves usually entirely glabrous; basal leaves c. 10 cm wide. S. Italy, Sicilia.

9. H. dumetorum Waldst. & Kit. View in CoL in Willd., Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 592 (1809)

( H. viridis subsp. dumetorum (Waldst. & Kit.) Hayek). Up to 45 cm. Basal leaves 2-3, thin, not overwintering; segments 7-11, distinctly pedate, undivided; veins not prominent beneath. Flowers 2-3, 3-5-5 cm in diameter. Perianth-segments patent, violet or green. Follicles connate at base. • E.C. Europe. Au Cz H u Ju Rm. (a) Subsp. dumetorum: Flowers 3-4-5 cm in diameter, green. Throughout the range o f the species.

(b) Subsp. atrorubens (Waldst. & Kit.) Merxm. & Podi. View in CoL , Feddes Repert. 64: 5 (1961)

( H. atrorubens Waldst. & Kit. ):

Flowers 4-5-5 cm in diameter, violet. Jugoslavia.

10. H. purpurascens Waldst. & Kit. View in CoL , Pl. Rar. Hung. 2:105 (1802 or 1803).

U p to 35 cm. Basal leaves usually 2, not overwintering; segments usually 5, not distinctly pedate, divided to the middle into 2-5 lobes, pubescent, at least on the prominent veins beneath. Flowers up to 3, 5-7 cm in diameter. Perianth-segments patent, purplish-violet. Follicles connate at base. • E.C. Europe, extending southwards to Crna Gora and eastwards to W. Ukraine. Cz H u Ju Po Rm Rs (C, W).

11. H. niger L. View in CoL , Sp. Pl. 558 (1753) View Cited Treatment .

Up to 30 cm. Basal leaves overwintering, pedate with 7-9 segments; cauline leaves ovate, entire, pale green. Flowers 2-3, 3-10 cm in diameter. Perianthsegments white or pink-tinged, ovate. Follicles c. 7, connate at base. Woods and thickets, mainly in the mountains; calcicole. E. Alps, Appennini and adjacent regions. Widely cultivated for ornament and sometimes naturalized. Au Ge He It J u [Ga Po *Rs (C, W)].

(a) Subsp. niger :

Leaf-segments oblong-cuneate, dark green, distinctly serrate near the top; perianth-segments often pinkish, broadly ovate. Throughout the range o f the species.

(b) Subsp. macranthus View in CoL (Freyn) Schiffner, Bot. Jahrb. 11: 105 (1890):

Leaf-segments broadly lanceolate, glaucescent, spinuloseserrate; perianth-segments usually white, ovate. Italy, N. Jugoslavia.

2. Eranthis Salisb. 1

Perennials with tuberous rhizomes. Basal leaves petiolate, deeply palmately divided; cauline leaves 3, similar to basal but sessile and arranged in a whorl close to the solitary terminal flower. Perianth-segments usually 6, yellow; honey-leaves tubular, 2- lipped. Stamens numerous. Follicles usually 6.

1. E. hyemalis (L.) Salisb. View in CoL , Trans. Linn. Soc. London (Bot.) 8: 304(1807).

Glabrous, 5-15 cm. Flowers 20-30 mm in diameter. Perianth-segments narrowly ovate; honey-leaves shorter than the stamens. Follicles c. 15 mm, shortly stalked. • S. Europe from S.E. France to Bulgaria; naturalized from gardens in C. & W. Europe. Bu G a It Ju [Au Be Br Cz Ge He Ho Hu Rm].

The Bulgarian plant ( var. bulgaricus Stefanov , Bull. Inst. Roy. Hist. Nat. (Sofia) 12: 316 (1939)) is in some respects closer to E. cilicicus Schott than to E. hyemalis .