Ranunculus L.

19. Ranunculus L. View in CoL 1

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes aquatic. Flowers solitary o r in cymose panicles. Perianth-segments (sepals) (3)5(7). Honey-leaves (0-)5(-12), petaloid, yellow, white or reddish. Achenes numerous, usually with a persistent glabrous style. 1 Flowers white, pink or purple but never yellow 2 Terrestrial; leaves mostly basal; achene not transversely rugose 3 Basal leaves hastate (S. Spain) 97. acetosellifolius 3Basal leaves not hastate 4 Most of the basal leaves entire to dentate, but not more deeply divided 5 Cauline leaves lanceolate to ovate, amplexicaul 6 Sepals glabrous; achene strongly veined 118. aniplexicaulis 6 Sepals pubescent; achene smooth 7 Petiole not widening into lamina; main veins usually 7 (Alps, Pyrenees, N. Spain) 116. parnassifolius 7 Petiole widening into lamina; main veins usually 5 (Albania) 117. wettsteinii 5 Cauline leaves linear to linear-oblong, not amplexicaul 8 Basal leaves never crenate or dentate 112. pyrenaeus 8 Basal leaves crenate or sometimes dentate at apex 9 Honey-leaves rounded at apex 92. crenatus 9 Honey-leaves emarginate to deeply notched at apex 93. bilobus 4 All leaves ± deeply lobed 10 Sepals 3 81. pallasii 10 Sepals 5 or more 11 Sepals densely ferrugineous-villous 98. glacialis 11 Sepals glabrous or nearly so 12 Flowers at least 30 mm in diameter; honey-leaves 7 or more; roots tuberous 64. asiaticus 12 Flowers 10—20(—25) mm in diameter; honey-leaves 5; roots not tuberous

13 Cauline leaves differing markedly from basal, simple or rarely trifid; receptacle glabrous

14 Basal leaves (3-)5-lobed; lobes deeply crenate;

cauline leaves 3-fid 90. alpestris 14 Basal leaves 3-lobed; middle lobe 3-fid, lateral 2-fid;

cauline leaf simple 91. traunfellneri 13 Cauline leaves like basal, lobed and dentate; receptacle pubescent

15 Plant rarely as much as 20 cm; segments of basal leaves narrowly oblong; flowers 1-few 96. seguieri 15 Plant usually more than 20 cm; segments of basal leaves ovate-cuneate; flowers numerous

16 Middle segment of basal leaves free to base

94. aconitifolius 16 Middle segment of basal leaves not free to base

95. platanifolius 2 Aquatic or marsh plants; leaves all cauline; achene transversely rugose

17 Laminate leaves present; capillary leaves present or absent

18 Capillary leaves absent

19 Achene pubescent (sometimes sparsely and minutely so)

124. peltatus 19 Achene entirely glabrous

20 Receptacle glabrous

21 Leaf-segments widest at the sinus; honey-leaves not or scarcely longer than sepals 119. hederaceus 21 Leaf-segments narrowest at the sinus; honey-leaves

2-3 times as long as sepals 120. omiophyllus 20 Receptacle pubescent

22 Honey-leaves less than 6 mm, not contiguous; receptacle globose 121. tripartitus 22 Honey-leaves more than 6 mm, contiguous; receptacle ovoid 123. baudotii 18 Capillary leaves present

23 Honey-leaves less than 6 mm, not contiguous

121. tripartitus 23 Honey-leaves more than 6 mm, contiguous

24 Immature achene completely glabrous; laminate leaves 3-lobed to | or more

25 Capillary leaves collapsing when removed from water; mature achene unwinged; receptacle globose (fresh water) 122. ololeucos 25 Capillary leaves not collapsing when removed from water; mature achene winged; receptacle ovoid (brackish water) 123. baudotii 24 Immature achene pubescent (sometimes minutely so); laminate leaves 3- to 5-lobed, usually to less than j

26 Pedicel in fruit usually less than 50 mm, rarely exceeding the petiole of the subtending laminate leaf; honeyleaves rarely more than 10 mm; nectaries circular

127. aquatilis 26 Pedicel in fruit usually more than 50 mm, often exceeding the petiole of the subtending laminate leaf; honey-leaves usually more than 10mm; nectaries elongate, ± pyriform

27 Capillary leaves shorter than the internodes

124. peltatus 27 Capillary leaves longer than the internodes

125. pseudofluitans 17 Laminate leaves absent

28 Leaves usually exceeding 8 cm (up to 30 cm), longer than internodes, their segments usually parallel to the main axis

29 Receptacle nearly or quite glabrous 131. fluitans 29 Receptacle distinctly hairy 125. pseudofluitans 28 Leaves usually much less than 8 cm, shorter than internodes, their segments rarely parallel to the main axis

30 Leaf-segments lying in one plane; leaves circular in outline 130. circinatus

30 Leaf-segments not lying in one plane

31 Honey-leaves rarely exceeding 5 mm, not contiguous; nectaries lunate

32 Achene more than 1 - 5 mm 128. trichophyllus 32 Achene less than 1 mm 129. rionii 31 Honey-leaves usually exceeding 5 mm, contiguous; nectaries not lunate

33 Immature achene quite glabrous; mature achene winged 123. baudotii 33 Immature achene pubescent (sometimes minutely so); mature achene unwinged

34 Pedicel in fruit usually less than 50 mm; honey-leaves rarely more than 10 mm; nectaries circular

127. aquatilis 34 Pedicel in fruit usually more than 50 mm; honey-leaves usually more than 10 mm; nectaries elongate, ± pyriform

35 Achene more than 1 - 5 mm 124. peltatus 35 Achene less than 1 mm 126. sphaerospermus 1 Flowers yellow

36 Aerialleaves(includingthecauline)entire,serrate,crenate or dentate, but not lobed

37 Achene puberulent

38 Sepals 3; honey-leaves 8-12 83. ficaria 38 Sepals 5; honey-leaves 5 71. flabellifoiius 37 Acheneglabrousor rarelyhispid

39 Sepals 3 84. ficarioides 39 Sepals 5

40 Cauline leaves at least as wide as long, entire below, increasingly coarsely dentate towards the sometimes almost 3-lobed apex

41 Basal leaves present at flowering time 88. hybridus 41 Basal leaves not developed at flowering time

42 Lower cauline leaf wider than long, reniform; stems

1 - to few-flowered 86. thora 42 Lower cauline leaf about as long as wide, deeply cordate; stems usually several-flowered 87. scutatus 40 Cauline leaves distinctly longer than wide, not becoming conspicuously more strongly dentate towards the apex, rarely absent

43 Leaves mostly crowded at base of stem; cauline small and few, or absent

44 Leaves horizontal, bullate, hispid beneath 85. bullatus 44 Leaves ± erect, smooth, glabrous or softly pubescent

45 Basal leaves not cuneate 82. cytnbalaria 45 Basal leaves cuneate at base

46 Petals pale yellow; basal leaves ovate

113. bupleuroides 46 Flowers deep yellow; basal leaves linear to lanceolate

47 Roots fibrous; leaves not cuculiate at apex; honey-leaves 5 114. gramineus 47 Roots tuberous; leaves cuculiate at apex; honey-leaves 8-10 115. abnormis 43 All or most of the leaves cauline

48 Flowers sessile or nearly so

49 Leaves abruptly narrowed at base; beak about as long as achene 109. lateriflorus 49 Leaves gradually narrowed at base; beak less than half as long as achene 110. nodiflorus 48 Flowers all distinctly pedicellate

50 Achene less than 1 mm; flowers up to 8 mm in diameter

51 Submerged leaves divided into filiform segments; lowest aerial leaves often shallowly 3-lobed (C. & E. Europe) 111. polyphyllus 51 Submerged leaves absent; lowest leaves spathulate, entire (Sardegna) 103. batrachioides 50 Achene more than 1 mm; flowers rarely less than

10 mm in diameter

52 Stems filiform, procumbent; flowers solitary; achene up to 1 -5 mm 102. reptans 52 Stems stouter, usually erect; flowers rarely solitary; achene more than 1 -5 mm

53 Flowers 30-50 mm in diameter (rarely less); achene

2- 5 mm; plant 50 cm or more 104. lingua 53 Flowers up to 15(-20) mm in diameter; achene

1 -5-2 mm; plant rarely more than 50 cm

54 Achene smooth

55 Perennial; pedicels sparsely appressed-pubescent

101. flammula 55 Annual; pedicels glabrous 106. fontanus 54 Achene granulate or tuberculate

56 Sepals longer than honey-leaves, usually pubescent 108. revelieri 56 Sepals equalling or shorter than honey-leaves,

± glabrous

57 Sepals equalling honey-leaves; lower pedicels not more than half as long as subtending leaves 107. longipes 57 Sepals shorter than honey-leaves; lower pedicels at least as long as subtending leaves

105. ophioglossifolius 36 At least some of the aerial leaves distinctly lobed or even more deeply divided

58 Stemscreeping,rootingat nodes; leavesnotcrowdedat base of stem; small arctic plants

59 Honey-leaves3 77. hyperboreus 59 Honey-leaves5 ormore

60 Sepals 3 80. lapponicus 60 Sepals 5

61 Flowers 20-30 mm in diameter; achene c. 3 mm (widespread) 6. repens 61 Flowers c. 10 mm in diameter; achene c. 1 - 5 mm (Arctic Russia) 79. gmelinii 58 Stemsnotcreepingandrootingatnodes;leavesmostly crowded at base; plant sometimes with stolons from a well-marked rosette

62 Rootsof2 kinds,somefibrous,somefleshy, formingfusiform to ovoid tubers

63 Sepals 3 84. ficarioides 63 Sepals 5

64 Sepals deflexed in flower

65 Leaves or leaf-segments linear-lanceolate, entire

48. illyricus 65 Leaf-segments cuneate, variously cut or lobed, or leaves suborbicular and shallowly lobed

66 Achene tuberculate, with a compressed appendage at the base; beak about as long as achene, broad,

falcate 47. isthmieus 66 Achene without an appendage

67 Pedicels sulcate

68 All but the lowest cauline leaves small and bractlike 29. neapolitanus 68 Several of the cauline leaves similar to basal, but smaller

69 Middle segment of leaf usually stipitate; beak of achene c. 0- 5 mm 31. bulbosus 69 Middle segment of leaf sessile; beak of achene

c. 1 mm 30. pratensis 67 Pedicels terete

70 Leaves appressed-pubescent or sericeous

71 Tubers ovoid or shortly oblong 44. rumelicus 71 Tubers fusiform or cylindrical

72 Achene glabrous, verrucose (Aegean) 43. psilostachys 72 Achene slightly pubescent, not verrucose (W.

Mediterranean region) 45. monspeliacus 70 Leaves not appressed-pubescent

73 Leaf-segments deeply divided into numerous linear-lanceolate lobes 46. miliarakesii 73 Leaf-segments obtusely lobed or incise-serrate

74 Leaves longer than wide; beak of achene straight

42. oxyspermus 74 Leaves usually wider than long; beak of achene curved

75 Leaves sericeous, deeply divided; middle segment stipitate 45. monspeliacus 75 Leaves not sericeous, usually not divided to base

41. gracilis 64 Sepals not deflexed in flower

76 Basal leaves glabrous,pedately3 - to5 -partite; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or deeply 2-lobed 49. pedatus 76 Basal leavesnot asabove

77 Achene circular, flat, winged; beak very short, hooked

(S.E. Russia) 50. platyspermus 77 Achene not as above

78 Anthers purplish-black 64. asiaticus 78 Anthers yellow

79 Stock swollen, densely and persistently fibrous

51. paludosus 79 Stock not swollen and densely and persistently fibrous

80 Basal leaves ± lobed for up to c. |

81 Basal leaves shallowly lobed; segmentscontiguous or overlapping

82 Basal leaves coriaceous, rugose

83 Leaves c. 2 cm across, ± glabrous; flowers few,

c. 25 mm in diameter (Spain and Portugal)

56. nigrescens 83 Leaves c. 15 cm across, densely appressed-

villous; flowers numerous, c. 40 mm in diameter (Açores) 57. cortusifolius 82 Basal leaves thin, not rugose

84 Leaves c. 8 cm across; flowers several (Kriti)

59. creticus 84 Leaves c. 5 cm across; flowers solitary (-2)

(W. Mediterranean region) 58. rupestris 81 Basal leaves lobed to c. |; segments distant

85 Plant stout; basal leaves ±patent-pubescent

62. spruneranus 85 Plant slender; basal leaves appressed-pubescent or nearly or quite glabrous

86 Basal leaves appressed-pubescent (Spain,

Portugal, Sicilia)

87 Honey-leaves 15 mm or more 58. rupestris 87 Honey-leaves c. 10 mm 63. gregarius 86 Basal leaves nearly or quite glabrous (Balkan peninsula)

88 Stems much-branched; beak about as long as achene, stout, curved 60. thasius 88 Stems simple or nearly so; beak shorter than achene, slender, hooked 61. subhomophyllus 80 Basal leaves lobed nearly or quite to base

89 Segments of basal leaves dentate or lobed but not 2- to 3-pinnatisect 63. gregarius 89 Segments of basal leaves 2- to 3-pinnatisect

90 Honey-leaves copper-coloured beneath (Kriti)

52. cupreus 90 Honey-leaves yellow on both surfaces

91 Honey-leaves 7-12 (Greece) 55. millii 91 Honey-leaves 5

92 Receptacle pubescent at insertion of stamens

63. gregarius 92 Receptacle glabrous at insertion of stamens

93 Sepals glabrous 53. millefoliatus 93 Sepals pubescent beneath 54. garganicus 62 Roots all fibrous, fibres sometimes thick but not obviously tuberous

94 Achene not or slightly compressed, with strongly convex sides

95 Annual;headof achenescylindrical;achenes70-100,

c. 1 mm 78. sceleratus 95 Perennial; head of achenes globose; achenes fewer and larger

96 Achene puberulent

97 Basal leaves pedate 73. pedatifidus 97 Basal leaves not pedate

98 Basal and cauline leaves markedly dissimilar

(65—71). auricomus group 98 Basal and cauline leaves ± similar 72. polyrhizos 96 Achene glabrous

99 Most leaves entire at base and then increasingly strongly dentate to the wide apex, wider than long

100 Basal leaves usually 2; cauline 2-3; achene 2-3 mm; beak short 88. hybridus

100 Basal leaves several; cauline 1(—2); achene 4 mm; beak long 89. brevifolius

99 Most leaves ± regularly lobed all round, longer than wide

101 Cauline leaves divided to base into linear or linear-lanceolate, entire segments (65-71). auricomus group

101 Cauline leaves less divided, or segments wider

102 Stems slender, flexuous; upper cauline leaves simple, bract-like, or cauline leaves absent

(Mallorca and Sardegna)

103 Hairs all appressed; sepals deflexed; achenes smooth 99. cymbalarifolius

103 Hairs at base of stems and petioles patent; sepals patent; achenes strongly veined 100. weyleri

102 Stems stout, erect; upper cauline leaves at least

3-lobed

104 Flowers not more than 10 mm in diameter; stem rarely exceeding 4 cm, about as longas the basal leaves at flowering time 74. pygmaeus

104 Flowers usually 15 mm or more in diameter; stem 8-60 cm, much longer than basal leaves at flowering time

105 Basal leaves reniform, deeply lobed; head of achenes cylindrical; beak about as long as achene 75. nivalis

105 Basal leaves cuneate at base, shallowly lobed; head of achenes broadly ovoid; beak about half as long as achene 76. sulphureus

94 Achene strongly compressed

106 Achene distinctly spiny or muricate with either numerous or long projections (annual)

107 Honey-leaves2 -3timesas longas sepals

108 Achene 3-4 mm; keel sulcate 34. marginatus

108 Achene 7-8 mm; keel winged 37. cornutus

107 Honey-leaves equalling or slightly longer than sepals

109 Achene c. 3 mm

110 Receptacle pubescent 35. trilobus

110 Receptacle glabrous

111 Peduncles not thickened in fruit; achene more than twice as long as beak 39. parviflorus

111 Peduncles greatly thickened in fruit; achene at most twice as long as beak 40. chius

109 Achene c. 7 mm; receptacle pubescent

112 Sepals patent; leaves, except the lowest, deeply lobed 38. arvensis

112 Sepals deflexed; leaves shallowly lobed 36. muricatus

106 Achenesmooth,punctulateorwithfewsmallobtuse tubercles (perennial, except 32 and 34)

113 Receptacleglabrous

114 Sepals deflexed at flowering

115 Leaf-segments cuneate-obovate 1. velutinus

115 Leaf-segments broadly ovate 2. constantinopolitanus

114 Sepals not deflexed at flowering

116 Honey-leaves orange-yellow; basal leaves usually

3-lobed to about stock premorse; achene 4-

5 mm 7. lanuginosus

116 Honey-leaves golden-yellow; basal leaves usually more deeply divided, or rhizome stout, creeping; achene 2-3- 5 mm

117 Achene at least 4 times as long as beak; leaf-segments sessile (widespread) 8. acris

117 Achene at most twice as long as beak; leaf-segments ± stipitate (S. Italy eastwards)

118 Leaves ± sericeous beneath; achene twice as long as beak 9. serbicus

118 Leaves pubescent to nearly glabrous beneath; achene as long as beak 10. brutius 113 Receptacle pubescent 119 Sepals deflexed at flowering

120 Annual

121 Honey-leaves pale yellow; achene 2-5-3 mm; beak

0-5 mm 32. sardous

121 Honey-leaves deep yellow; achene 3-4 mm; beak

1 mm 34. marginatus

120 Perennial

122 Pedicels terete; sepals at first patent, later ±

strongly deflexed 24. macrophyllus

122 Pedicels sulcate; sepals strongly deflexed soon after the flower opens

123 Stems prostrate, rooting at nodes 33. cordigerus

123 Stems erect, not rooting at nodes

124 Cauline leaves (except the lowest) small and bract-like 29. neapolitanus

124 Several of the lower cauline leaves similar to the basal, but smaller

125 Basal leaves lobed to the base; middle segment often stipitate; beak of achene c. 0-5 mm

(widespread) 31. bulbosus

125 Basal leaves lobed to J; segments united at base; beak of achene c. 1 mm (Sicilia)

30. pratensis 119 Sepals not deflexed at flowering

126 Achene strongly keeled or sulcate

127 Pedicel sulcate

128 Stolons present 6. repens

128 Stolons absent

129 Leaves divided into linear- or oblong-lanceolate lobes 3. polyanthemos

129 Leaves divided into cuneate-obovate segments with ovate, dentate lobes

130 Middle segment of basal leaves sessile (widespread) 4. nemorosus

130 Middle segment of basal leaves long-stipitate

(U.S.S.R.) 5. caucasicus

127 Pedicel terete

131 Plant rarely more than 15 cm; achene with keeled but not sulcate margin (11-22). montanus group

131 Plant 30 cm or more; achene with keeled and sulcate margin

132 Cauline leaves conspicuously smaller than basal;

uppermost 3-fid with entire segments, or simple (W. Mediterranean region)

24. macrophyllus

132 Cauline leaves about as large as basal; uppermost 3-fid with lobed and dentate segments

(Carpathians) 23. carpatlcus

126 Achene neither keeled nor sulcate

133 Sepals glabrous (Corse) 27. marschlinsii

133 Sepals pubescent

134 Leaves hairy beneath (Krym) 28. dissectus

134 Leaves glabrous or almost so beneath (Balkan peninsula, Italy, Spain)

135 Basal leaves with shortly stipitate segments;

flowers usually solitary 25. demissus

135 Basal leaves not divided to base; flowers usually several 26. hayekii