Pinus Pinus, Arnold

6. P. nigra Arnold View in CoL , Reise Mariazell 8 (1785)

( P. laricio Poiret ).

Up to 50 m; bark grey to dark brown. Buds ovoid or cylindrical-ovoid, acute, slightly resinous. Twigs glabrous, pale brown to orange-brown. Leaves 40-190 x 1-2 mm, in pairs, light or dark green, somewhat rigid, and flexuous, straight or curved; 1-5 layers of hypodermal cells; resin-canals 3-17, median. Cone 3-8 x 2-4 cm, yellowish-brown or light brown, shining, subsessile; apophysis slightly or obtusely keeled; umbo mucronate. S. Europe, extending northwards to Austria and S. Carpathians; extensively planted in N. Europe (especially subsp. (c)) for timber or shelter. Al Au Bu Co Cr G r Hs It Ju Rm Rs (K) Si Tu [Be Br Cz D a Ge H b He Ho Su].

Very variable and divided into many geographical variants which are often not clearly separable. Much of the variation follows a clinal pattern. Vide P. Fukarek, Rad . Polj. Sum. Fakult. Sarajevu 3 (2): 1-92 (1958) for a detailed account. The following subspecies, which are sometimes regarded as distinct species, deserve recognition.

1 Leaves ±flexible; 1—2(—3) rows of slightly thickened hypodermal cells

2Leaves 1-2-1-9 mm wide, somewhat pungent; 1—2(—3) rows of hypodermal cells (c) subsp. laricio

2Leaves 1-1-2 mm wide, not pungent; 1 row of hypodermal cells (b) subsp. salzmannii

1 Leaves ±rigid; 2-5 rows of strongly thickened hypodermal cells

3 Leaves 4-7 cm (d) subsp. dalmatica

3 Leaves 7-18 cm

4 Leaves straight or incurved; leaf-sheath 10-16 mm (a) subsp. nigra

4 Leaves twisted or irregularly curved; leaf-sheath (15—)18—

26 mm (e) subsp. pallasiana