Pinus Pinus, L.

7. P. sylvestris L. View in CoL , Sp. Pl. 1000 (1753).

Up to 40 m; bark dark brown on lower part of trunk, pale ochre-red and flaking on upper part o f trunk. Buds acute, more or less resinous. Twigs glabrous, yellowish-green at first, becoming greyish-brown. Leaves 3 0-7 0x2 mm, in pairs, glaucous, twisted; resin-canals submarginal. Cone 3-6 x 2-3-5 cm, dull yellowish-brown, acute, deflexed, caducous; apophysis flat, or shortly pyramidal on back of cone, weakly keeled; umbo muticous. Seed 3-5 mm; wing c. 10 mm. 2« = 24. N. & C. Europe, extending southwards in the mountains to S. Spain, N. Italy and Macedonia. Al Au Br Bu Cz Fe G a Ge G r He *Ho Hs H u It Ju Lu N o Po Rm Rs (N, B, C, W, K) Su [Be D a H b H o Is Tu]. More than 150 variants have been described. Some have been regarded as subspecies, but much of the variation follows clinal patterns and it is not possible to give a consistent formal treatment of it. The variants may, however, be conveniently arranged in the following geographical groups:

Group I ( var. lapponica Fries ). Crown narrow, branched; bark with small, thin scales. N. Fennoscandia.

Group II ( var. rigensis (Desf.) Ascherson & G raebner ; var. septentrionalis Schott ). Tall tree with conical crown, slender, straight trunk and thin bark. Baltic coast. Group III ( var. scotica (Willd.) Schott ). Crown long remaining pyramidal, rounded only in old trees; bark thin at least above. Scotland.

Group I V ( var. aquitana Schott ; var. brigantiaca Gaussen ; var. catalaunica Gaussen ; var. hercynica Münch ; var. iberica Svob. ; var. pyrenaica Svob. ; var. vindelica Schott ). Crown conical; trunk straight; branches at right angles to trunk; bark thin, with large scales. Mountains o f W. Europefrom C. Spain to C. Germany and the W. Alps.

Group V ( var. batava Schott ; var. borussica Schott ; var. carpatica K lika; var. engadinensis Heer ; var. haguenensis Loudon ; var. illyrica Svob. ; var. nevadensis Christ ; var. pannonica Schott ; var. rhodopaea Svob. ; var. romanica Svob. ; var. sarmatica Zapal. ; var. vocontiana Guinier & Gaussen ). Trunk crooked; branches at an acute angle to the trunk; crown broad, rounded; bark thick, deeply fissured. Lowlands, and foothills o f mountain ranges o f C. Europe, extending eastwards to Russia and southwards to the N. Appennini; Sierra Nevada.

Var. uralensis Fischer , from Ural, and var. cretacea (Kalenicz.) Fomin, from Ukraine, are eastern variants of uncertain affinities.

P. kochiana Klotzsch ex Koch , Linnaea 22: 296 (1849) is like 7, but has leaves 1 mm wide and a slightly shining cone with strongly keeled apophyses and a shortly mucronate umbo. It occurs in Ukraine (where it has been called P. formimi Kondrat. or P. hamata (Steven) D. Sosn. ). The status of this plant is uncertain; it is clearly separable from P. sylvestris var. armena Koch only on anatomical features.