Abies Abies, (Steven) Spach Abies Abies, Miller

5. A. nordmanniana (Steven) Spach View in CoL , Hist. Vég. (Phan.) 11: 418 (1842).

Up to 70 m; trunk stout. Young twigs sparsely pubescent, buds not resinous. Leaves on the upper surface of the twigs spreading forwards and upwards, not leaving a parting. Leaves 15-35 x 1-5-2 mm, emarginate; resin-canals marginal. Cones 12-18 x 4-5 cm; bracts exserted and deflexed. Planted for timber in C. Europe and occasionally elsewhere. [Au Cz D a It Lu Rm Su Tu.] (IF. Caucasus, N. Anatolial)

6. A. alba Miller View in CoL , Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 1 (1768)

( A. pectinata (Lam.) DC. ).

Up to 50 m; crown pyramidal; trunk stout. Young twigs densely pubescent; buds not resinous. Leaves on the sides of twigs spreading horizontally; those on the upper surface pointing outwards and upwards, leaving a distinct parting. Leaves 15-30 x 1-5-2 mm, thick, flexible, emarginate at apex; resin-canals marginal. Cones 1 0-2 0x3-4 cm; bracts exserted, deflexed. 2/7 = 24. • Forming forests in the mountains o f C. Europe, extending to the Pyrenees and adjacent mountains o f N. Spain (Montseny), S. Italy and Macedonia with outlying lowland forests in W. France (Normandie), and E. Poland (Bialowieza). Plantedfor timber in N. & W. Europe. Al Au Bu Co Cz G a Ge G r He Hs H u It Ju Po Rm [Be Br D a Lu N o Su]. A. pardei Gaussen , Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 57: 357 (1929), is cultivated in France, and may perhaps occur wild in Calabria, it is very like A. alba , but has median resin-canals.

7. A. nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei View in CoL , Boll. Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 64 (1908).

U p to 15 m; crown broad, somewhat flattened; trunk stout. Young twigs glabrescent; buds resinous. Leaves all patent, dense, spreading evenly from the sides and upper surfaces of twigs, often leaving a parting on under side. Leaves 8-13 x 2 mm, thick, rigid, obtuse, rarely apiculate; resin-canals marginal. Cones c. 2 0 x 5 cm; bracts exserted, deflexed. • About 20 immature native trees in N. Sicilia (Le Madonie). Formerly forming extensive forests on the mountains o f N. Sicilia, and now being replanted. Si. On account of the scarcity of material of this species the above description is partly based on vegetative twigs of immature trees, and partly on flowering twigs of mature trees, and is not therefore strictly comparable to the descriptions of the other species. Some authors regard this taxon as only an insular variant of A. alba , but in the present state of knowledge it seems best to consider it as a species. Vide A. Messeri, Rendic. Accad. Naz. Lincei ser. 8, 25: 547-56 (1958).

8. A. cephalonica Loudon View in CoL , Arbor . Fruticet. Brit. 4: 2325 (1838).

U p to 30 m; crown pyramidal; trunk fairly stout. Young twigs glabrous; buds very resinous. Leaves all patent, dense, spreading evenly from the sides and upper surfaces of twigs, less dense and often leaving a parting on under side. Leaves 15-35 x 2-2-5 mm, thick, rigid, acute and pungent, rarely subobtuse; resin-canals marginal. Cones 1 2-1 6x4-5 cm; bracts exserted, deflexed. • Mountains o f Greece between 750 and 1700 m; planted for timber in Italy. G r [It], A. borisii-regis Mattf. , Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9: 235 (1925), is a name applied to trees in the Balkan peninsula from S. Albania to Thrace. They are of varying form, but always more or less intermediate between 6 and 8. The young twigs are densely pubescent, the buds are resinous, and the leaves are usually like those of 8 in shape and in arrangement. It is probable that they are of hybrid origin; cones are very rarely produced.

9. A. pinsapo Boiss. View in CoL , Biblioth. Univ. Genève ser. 2, 13: 402, 406 (1838).

Up to 30 m, crown pyramidal; trunk stout. Young twigs glabrous; buds resinous. Leaves patent, spreading evenly all round twigs. Leaves 10-15 mm, thick, rigid, acute; resin-canals median. Cones 10-16 x 3-4 cm; bracts less than half as long as cone-scales, included. North-facing slopes on limestone mountains between 1000 and 2000 m. © S.W. Spain (near Ronda). Occasionally planted for timber elsewhere. Hs [Au Lu].

A. x insignis Carrière ex Bailly , Revue Hort. (Paris) 1890: 230 (1890), a hybrid between 9 and 5, first raised in France in 1872, is very common as an ornamental tree in parks throughout Europe. It is like 9 but the young twigs are pubescent, the leaves are 10-33 x 1-5-2-5 mm, acute or obtuse, less dense, and often leaving a parting on the under side of the twigs, the cones are 11-20 x 3-5-5 cm, and at least the lower bracts are slightly exserted.