Eumeninae

Key to the Malagasy genera of Eumeninae s. l.

1. Fore wing with recurrent veins received in separate cells, second recurrent vein received by third submarginal cell ( Fig. 1A View FIGURE 1 ). Maxilla and labrum extremely elongated, reaching base of metasoma at rest. Lateral margins of free apical part of clypeus reflexed and lamellar, more markedly in female ( Fig. 52B View FIGURE 52 )....... RAPHIGLOSSINAE, Raphiglossa Saunders View in CoL (1 species)

- Fore wing with recurrent veins both received in second submarginal cell ( Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 ) or second recurrent vein interstitial. Maxilla and labrum short, never reaching mid coxae at rest. Lateral margins of free apical part of clypeus not reflexed as above.... 2

2. Mid tibia with two apical spurs ( Fig. 1C View FIGURE 1 )........................................................ 3, ZETHINAE

- Mid tibia with one apical spur ( Fig. 1D View FIGURE 1 )...................................................... 4, EUMENINAE

3. Mesosoma elongate and subcylindrical, with metanotum entirely horizontal and propodeum forming a dorsal horizontal surface ( Fig. 52A View FIGURE 52 ). Propodeal orifice rounded at upper end; propodeal valvula short and wide, mostly fused with submarginal carina, posterior margin weakly sinuate ( Fig. 1E View FIGURE 1 ). T1 of nearly even thickness, slightly wider sub-basally than apically ( Fig. 52A View FIGURE 52 )..................................................................... Paramischocyttarus Magretti View in CoL (1 species)

- Mesosoma short, with nearly vertical metanotum and propodeum vertically sloping below posterior margin of metanotum ( Figs 58B, C View FIGURE 58 ). Propodeal orifice acute at upper end; propodeal valvula elongate and mostly free from submarginal carina, subrectangular ( Fig. 1F View FIGURE 1 ). T1 distinctly widened around middle, much wider apically than basally ( Figs 58B, C View FIGURE 58 )......................................................................................... Zethus Fabricius View in CoL (2 species)

4. Metasoma petiolate, T 1 in dorsal view much narrower than T2 and several times as long as wide ( Figs 52–53 View FIGURE 52 View FIGURE 53 ). Propodeal valvula short and completely fused with submarginal carina ( Fig. 1G View FIGURE 1 ). Second submarginal cell acute basally ( Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 ). T2 with simple apical margin, at most slightly translucent at extreme apex. Female lacking cephalic foveae. Large-sized species (body length over 15 mm)............................................................. Delta de Saussure (4 species)

- Characters not in the above combination. Metasoma usually sessile (e.g., Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ) to sub-petiolate (e.g., Fig. 36A View FIGURE 36 ), at most slightly longer than wide; if metasoma distinctly petiolate (e.g., Figs 18A View FIGURE 18 , 22 View FIGURE 22 ), then small-sized species (body length under 10 mm) with propodeal valvula subrectangular and not completely fused with submarginal carina ( Fig. 1H View FIGURE 1 ), second submarginal cell obtuse to right-angled basally ( Fig. 1I View FIGURE 1 ), and T2 apically lamellate (e.g., Figs 21E View FIGURE 21 , 23F View FIGURE 23 , 31F View FIGURE 31 )....................... 5

5. Second submarginal cell petiolate ( Fig. 1J View FIGURE 1 ). Tegula much larger than scutellum, parategula lacking. Propodeum strongly excavated medially and with subconical reflexed teeth above valvulae, which are subrectangular and free ( Fig. 1K View FIGURE 1 ).................................................................................... Alastor Lepeletier View in CoL (4 species)

- Second submarginal cell sessile ( Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 ), at most anteriorly pointed ( Fig. 1I View FIGURE 1 ). Tegula not larger than scutellum and parategula well-developed; if parategula covered by posterior lobe of tegula ( Knemodynerus View in CoL ), then tegula not as large as above ( Fig. 2G View FIGURE 2 ). Propodeum not so deeply excavated and without subconical teeth above valvulae, which are usually fused with submarginal carina ( Fig. 1G View FIGURE 1 ); if submarginal carina developed in a projection above valvula, then projection subtriangular and flattened ( Fig. 1H, 1L View FIGURE 1 )......................................................................................... 6

6. Metasoma petiolate, T1 either subcylindrical ( Fig. 28C View FIGURE 28 ) or pyriform ( Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 ). Propodeal valvula subrectangular and mostly free, not fused with submarginal carina ( Fig. 1H View FIGURE 1 ). Second submarginal cell obtuse to right-angled basally ( Fig. 1I View FIGURE 1 ). Apical margin of T2 with a flattened lamellar margin placed below level of tergite, often preceded by a variably developed thickening of the tergite (e.g., Figs 21E View FIGURE 21 , 23F View FIGURE 23 , 31F View FIGURE 31 ). Female lacking cephalic foveae.......................................... 7

- Metasoma sessile to sub-petiolate. Propodeal valvula usually short and completely fused with submarginal carina ( Fig. 1G View FIGURE 1 ), at most shallowly incised at posterodorsal corner when submarginal carina produced in a subtriangular lobe ( Fig. 1L View FIGURE 1 ), but elongate and subrectangular in Tuleara View in CoL . Second submarginal cell basally acute ( Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 ). Apical margin of T2 simple or lamellate, when lamellate then not as described above (e.g., Figs 8E View FIGURE 8 , 41E View FIGURE 41 , 50E View FIGURE 50 , 56E View FIGURE 56 ). Female with cephalic foveae..................... 9

7. Head strongly depressed anteroposteriorly, very subtle and high with flattened frons in lateral view ( Fig. 34B View FIGURE 34 ). Clypeus with free apical part very short, much shorter than interocular part; apical teeth of clypeus very close to each other and dorsally prolonged into two long subparallel carinae ( Fig. 34A View FIGURE 34 ). Mandible long and narrow, nearly straight........................................................................................ Eumenidiopsis Giordani Soika View in CoL (1 species)

- Head not depressed, normally developed and with convex frons (e.g., Fig. 18B View FIGURE 18 ). Clypeus variable; apical teeth never prolonged into carinae. Mandible short and robust, with curved outer margin............................................... 8

8. Metanotum with a variably developed but always evident transverse carina ( Figs 23D View FIGURE 23 , 27D View FIGURE 27 , 31E View FIGURE 31 ). T1 subcylindrical, with sides subparallel or weakly and evenly diverging from base to apex ( Fig. 28C View FIGURE 28 ).......... Cyrtolabulus van der Vecht View in CoL (13 species)

- Metanotum smooth and evenly convex, not carinate ( Figs 18C View FIGURE 18 , 20D View FIGURE 20 ). T1 pyriform, with markedly enlarged and strongly convex apical half ( Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 )................................................... Cyrteumenes Giordani Soika View in CoL (5 species)

9. Opening of axillary fossa circular and large, about as wide as one ocellar diameter; inner lamella of scutellar crest narrow, not reaching axilla anteromedially ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ). Tegula sub-campanulate to campanulate, about as wide as long and with strongly convex outer margin, posterior lobe of tegula mostly equaling parategula. Submarginal carina produced in a variably developed subtriangular lobe which is fused with the valvula in the basal half and free in the apical half ( Fig. 1L View FIGURE 1 ; not clearly developed in Antepipona vatondrangyensis ).......................................................................... 10

- Opening of axillary fossa elliptical and small, much narrower and shorter than one ocellar diameter; inner lamella of scutellar crest very wide, anteromedially produced in a corner reaching the axilla ( Fig. 2B View FIGURE 2 ). Tegula usually small and not campanulate, longer than wide and with weakly convex outer margin, posterior lobe usually not equaling parategula; if posterior lobe more developed ( Antodynerus View in CoL , Knemodynerus View in CoL , Figs 2F, G View FIGURE 2 ), then tegula very large and exceeding apex of parategula; if tegula weakly campanulate (some species of Malgachemenes View in CoL , Fig. 47D View FIGURE 47 ), then other characters not as above. Submarginal carina of propodeum not forming a subtriangular lobe ( Fig. 1G View FIGURE 1 ); if produced in a lobe, either the lobe is very short and entirely fused with the valvula in a translucent lobe ( Malgachemenes View in CoL , Fig. 46C View FIGURE 46 ) or the valvula is completely free and subrectangular ( Tuleara View in CoL )......... 11

10. Metasoma subpetiolate; T1 subtriangular, about as long as wide and clearly narrower than T2, which is basally constricted ( Figs 38F View FIGURE 38 , 40F View FIGURE 40 , 41D View FIGURE 41 ). Scutellum and metanotum unarmed........................... Leptomenes Giordani Soika View in CoL (7 species)

- Metasoma sessile; T1 more or less semicircular, in dorsal view much wider than medially long and not markedly narrower than T2, which is almost equally wide basally and apically ( Figs 13–14 View FIGURE 13 View FIGURE 14 ). Scutellum with longitudinal carinae on lateral margins and metanotum with variably shaped teeth ( Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ; not clearly developed in Antepipona vatondrangyensis )........................................................................................ Antepipona de Saussure View in CoL (5 species)

11. Prestigma longer than half pterostigma, usually as long as pterostigma or longer ( Fig. 2D View FIGURE 2 )................................................................................................ Anterhynchium de Saussure View in CoL (3 species)

- Prestigma at most half as long as pterostigma, usually much shorter ( Fig. 2E View FIGURE 2 )..................................... 12

12. Tegula large, posterior lobe long and exceeding parategula ( Figs 2F, G View FIGURE 2 )......................................... 13

- Tegula small, posterior lobe short and not equaling parategula ( Figs 37C View FIGURE 37 , 47D View FIGURE 47 , 50D View FIGURE 50 )............................... 14

13. Posterior lobe of tegula exceeding parategula but not incurved, leaving parategula visible ( Fig. 2F View FIGURE 2 ). Dorsal face of metanotum crescent-shaped, with curved posterior margin ( Fig. 2H View FIGURE 2 ). Dorsal and lateral carinae of propodeum not developed ( Fig. 2H View FIGURE 2 ). Apical margin of T1 translucent and sharply defined ( Fig. 17 View FIGURE 17 )..................... Antodynerus de Saussure View in CoL (1 species)

- Posterior lobe of tegula strongly elongate and incurved, completely covering parategula ( Fig. 2G View FIGURE 2 ). Dorsal face of metanotum short and subrectangular, with straight posterior margin ( Fig. 2I View FIGURE 2 ). Dorsal and lateral carinae of propodeum strongly developed and sharp, forming sharp subtriangular projections behind metanotum and on posterolateral corners ( Fig. 2I View FIGURE 2 ). Apical margin of T1 simple or somewhat decolorate, not sharply defined ( Figs 35A, B View FIGURE 35 )................ Knemodynerus Blüthgen View in CoL (2 species)

14. Submarginal carina of propodeum developed in a subtriangular lobe, propodeal valvula free and subrectangular. T2 apically forming a very deep and coarsely punctate furrow, separated from the rest of the tergite by a deep step and often followed by a reflexed lamella ( Figs 56E View FIGURE 56 , 57E View FIGURE 57 )................................................ Tuleara Gusenleitner View in CoL (6 species)

- Submarginal carina of propodeum not forming a subtriangular lobe and completely fused with valvula, which is rounded. T2 apically simple or lamellate, sometimes shallowly depressed, but never as above.................................. 15

15. T1 funnel-shaped and subpetiolate in dorsal view, weakly convex above in lateral view; apical margin of T1 simple with very short apical translucent margin ( Fig. 2J View FIGURE 2 ; apical margin thickened in Malagassodynerus concolor , Fig. 42E View FIGURE 42 ). Mid-line of propodeum with a short and shallow basal fovea, shorter than one-fourth the length of mid-line, followed by a robust longitudinal carina.................................................. Malagassodynerus Gusenleitner View in CoL (5 species)

- T1 variable, sub-trapezoidal ( Figs 46D View FIGURE 46 , 59E View FIGURE 59 ) to semicircular ( Fig. 9A View FIGURE 9 ) and always strongly convex above; apical margin of T1 variable, lamellate or not. Mid-line of propodeum variable, either with small basal fovea not followed by a longitudinal carina or with a long fovea covering half or more of mid-line....................................................... 16

16. Epicnemial carina complete and strong ( Fig. 59D View FIGURE 59 ). Basal fovea of propodeum very short and not followed by a longitudinal carina ( Fig. 59C View FIGURE 59 ). T1 abruptly divided into two faces, subtrapezoidal in dorsal view; apical margin of T1 shallowly thickened but concolor with rest of tergite ( Fig. 59E View FIGURE 59 ). T3–T6 with oblique translucent carinae on extreme sides ( Fig. 59F View FIGURE 59 )............................................................... “ Odynerus” melanus de Saussure (1 incertae sedis species)

- Epicnemial carina absent to weakly indicated. Basal fovea of propodeum long, covering half or more of mid-line, and followed by a longitudinal carina ( Fig. 4E View FIGURE 4 ). T1 not abruptly separated into two faces, semicircular to semielliptical in dorsal view; apical margin of T1 with translucent lamella or shallowly thickened with very short translucent margin ( Figs 4F View FIGURE 4 , 47C View FIGURE 47 , 61C–G View FIGURE 61 ). Tergites usually with or without lateral carinae; when carinate/lamellate ( Figs 47E View FIGURE 47 , 49E View FIGURE 49 ), then general appearance elongate and other characters not as above ( Malgachemenes View in CoL )............................................................ 17

17. Larger-sized species ( 8–13 mm). Scutellum and metanotum strongly flattened and smoothly passing into mesoscutum and propodeum, therefore dorsal face of mesosoma forming an evenly curved surface ( Fig. 2K View FIGURE 2 )............................................................................ “ Odynerus” hyalinelamellatus View in CoL -group (3 incertae sedis species)

- Smaller-sized species ( 5–8 mm). Either scutellum, metanotum or propodeum convex and causing discontinuity, therefore dorsal face of mesosoma not evenly curved..................................................................... 18

18. Head rounded, upper lobe of eye as long as lower lobe. T 1 in dorsal view wider than long; apical margin of T1 thickened and with a short translucent margin which is on the same plane of the rest of the tergite ( Figs 4F View FIGURE 4 , 6E View FIGURE 6 ). Apical margin of T2 with a short translucent margin or with a flattened lamella of regular length preceded by a series of coarse punctures ( Figs 3E View FIGURE 3 , 6F View FIGURE 6 , 7E View FIGURE 7 , 9E View FIGURE 9 ). T3–T4 without lateral lamellar flaps or carinae............................ Afrepipona Giordani Soika View in CoL (6 species)

- Head more elongate, upper lobe of eye shorter than lower lobe. T 1 in dorsal view as long as wide or slightly longer; apical margin of T1 with a long and dorsally projecting hyaline lamella ( Figs 46D View FIGURE 46 , 47C View FIGURE 47 ; absent in Malgachemenes divinus ). Apical margin of T2 somewhat decolorate, in some species bearing a strongly reflexed hyaline lamella that can be reduced to the posterolateral corners or complete ( Fig. 46D View FIGURE 46 , 47E View FIGURE 47 , 50E View FIGURE 50 ). At least T3–T4 with extreme sides developed in lamellar flaps ( Fig. 46D View FIGURE 46 , 47B View FIGURE 47 , 51B View FIGURE 51 ; very short and weak in M. divinus , 49E)...................... Malgachemenes Gusenleitner View in CoL (6 species)

Genus Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965 View in CoL

Afrepipona Giordani Soika 1965: 46 View in CoL , genus. Type species: Odynerus macrocephalus Gribodo View in CoL in Emery et al. 1894, by original designation.

Key to the Malagasy species of Afrepipona View in CoL

[The key is mostly based on the females, as the male is known only for A. segregata ]

1. Opening of the axillary fossa small but about as wide as long, its outer margin strongly sinuate due to a deep incision on the inner lamella of the scutellar crest ( Figs 4C View FIGURE 4 , 6B View FIGURE 6 ). Apical margin of T2 simple, only extreme apex with a barely noticeable translucent margin ( Figs 4G View FIGURE 4 , 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Metasoma coarsely and densely punctate, especially on T1 and base of T2 ( Figs 4F View FIGURE 4 , 6E View FIGURE 6 )... 2

- Opening of the axillary fossa narrow and elongate on the longitudinal axis, its outer margin nearly straight. Apical margin of T2 with a well-developed lamellar area, either flattened or reflexed ( Figs 3E View FIGURE 3 , 7E View FIGURE 7 , 8E View FIGURE 8 , 9E View FIGURE 9 ). Metasoma finely and sparsely punctate ................................................................................................... 3

2. Stockier appearance, mesosoma 1.4× as long as wide and parallel sided ( Fig. 4A View FIGURE 4 ). Metanotum shorter, posterior margin weakly produced medially ( Fig. 4E View FIGURE 4 ). Dorsal faces of propodeum distinctly even if not sharply separated from posterior face ( Fig. 4E View FIGURE 4 ). T1 shorter and almost right-angled dorsally, in lateral view distinctly divided in two faces; posterior horizontal face very coarsely punctate, punctures almost as wide as one ocellus ( Fig. 4F View FIGURE 4 )............................. A. ennesima sp. nov.

- Slenderer appearance, mesosoma 1.5× as long as wide and narrowing anteriorly ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 ). Metanotum longer, posterior margin strongly produced medially ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 ). Dorsal faces of propodeum smoothly passing into posterior face ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 ). T1 longer and obtusely angled, in lateral view almost evenly domed; posterior half less coarsely punctate, punctures about half as wide as one ocellus ( Fig. 6E View FIGURE 6 )........................................................................ A. imitans sp. nov.

3. Robust species, mesosoma 1.3× as long as wide ( Fig. 9A View FIGURE 9 ). Head stocky, gena in dorsal view longer than dorsal lobe of eye and vertex 2.3× as long as ocellocular distance ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 ); clypeus wider, 1.35× as wide as long ( Fig. 9A View FIGURE 9 ). Dorsal faces of propodeum with large flat-bottomed punctures, interspaces mostly reduced to sharp ridges ( Fig. 9C View FIGURE 9 ). Apical area of T2 with pigmented digitations smoothly passing into flattened lamellar margin ( Fig. 9E View FIGURE 9 )........... A. segregata Selis & Carpenter

- Slender species, mesosoma 1.4–1.55× as long as wide ( Figs 3A View FIGURE 3 , 7A View FIGURE 7 , 8A View FIGURE 8 ). Head thin, gena in dorsal view shorter than dorsal lobe of eye and vertex 1.9–2.1× as long as ocellocular distance ( Figs 3D View FIGURE 3 , 7D View FIGURE 7 , 8D View FIGURE 8 ); clypeus narrower, 1.1–1.2× as wide as long ( Figs 3A View FIGURE 3 , 7A View FIGURE 7 , 8A View FIGURE 8 ). Dorsal faces of propodeum with fine punctures, interspaces flattened and mostly exceeding diameter of punctures. Apical area of T2 with pigmented part more or less sharply separated from reflexed lamellar margin ( Figs 3E View FIGURE 3 , 7E View FIGURE 7 , 8E View FIGURE 8 )................................................................................................ 4

4. Apical corners of clypeus distinctly pointing outwards, apical part of the clypeus appearing dilated below a shallow preapical constriction ( Fig. 3C View FIGURE 3 )................................................................ A. dilaticlypeus sp. nov.

- Apical corners of clypeus not or barely pointing outward, apical part of the clypeus not dilated and without preapical constriction.......................................................................................... 5

5. Apical lamellar area of T2 distinctly shorter than the preapical area of coarse punctures ( Fig. 8E View FIGURE 8 ). Pubescence of mesosoma longer, denser and distinctly metallic, in some parts hiding the underlying surface, especially on propodeum ( Fig. 8C View FIGURE 8 ).......................................................................................... A. resoluta sp. nov.

- Apical lamellar area of T2 longer than the preapical area of coarse punctures ( Fig. 7E View FIGURE 7 ). Pubescence of mesosoma shorter, sparser and not metallic, not hiding the underlying surface ( Fig. 7C View FIGURE 7 )............................... A. misinjo sp. nov.