Cyphomyia wiedemanni Gerstaecker, 1857

Cyphomyia wiedemanni Gerstaecker, 1857 View in CoL ( Figs. 3-7 View Figure 3 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure6 View Figure 7 )

Cyphomyia flavispinis Macquart, 1855: 60 View in CoL . ST 1♂, 1♀ [NHMUK]."Amérique méridionale″. Syn. by Gerstaeck- er (1857: 302).

Cyphomyia wiedemanni Gerstaecker, 1857: 302 View in CoL .ST 1♂, 1♀ [ZMHB]: Brazil, Pará ; ST 1♂, 1♀ [ ZMHB]: French Guiana, Cayenne ; ST? [ ZMHB]: Surinam ; ST ♀ [ ZMHB]: Venezuela ; ST 1♂, 1♀ [ ZIL]: Brazil ; ST ♂ ♀ [ NMW]: Brazil,"south Brazil ″ .

Cyphomyia albispinis View in CoL Costa, 1866: 39. Nomen nudum. Likely referring to Cyphomyia flavispinis Macquart, 1855 View in CoL .

Cyphomyia cyanispis Bigot, 1874: 86 View in CoL . Nomen nudum.

Cyphomyia cyanispis Bigot, 1876: 487 View in CoL . HT ♂ [NHMUK]: Brazil,"Amazon″.

Cyphomyia wiedemanni ssp. peruana Lindner, 1933: 329 View in CoL . HT ♀ [SMF]: Peru, Iquitos, Roqué.

Cyphomyia wiedemanni ssp. burmeisteri Lindner, 1949a: 786 . Nomen nudum.

Cyphomyia wiedemanni ssp. burmeisteri Lindner, 1949b: 863 . ST 2♂ [NHMUK]: Brazil,"Amazon″.

Cyphomyia viedemanni James, 1953: 311 View in CoL . Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Cyphomyia cyanispis View in CoL . Woodley, 2001: 163. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Geographical Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre *, Alagoas *, Amazonas, Bahia *, Distrito Federal*, Espírito Santo *, Goiás, Mato grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná *, Pernambuco *, Rio Grande do Sul *, Roraima and SÃo Paulo *), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guiana, French Guiana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela. [*New record]

Description of the puparium

Diagnosis: The puparium of Cyphomyia wiedemanni distinguishes itself from other Cyphomyia species for exhibiting: two pairs of minute labral setae (Lb₁, Lb₂) with a barbed appearance, similar to brushes; one sole ocular tubercle fused to the eye prominence (ep),with a reduced ridge between the eyes and ocular tubercles; a pair of long sublabral setae (Sl) inserted below the apex of the labrum, with the basal ½ barbed and the distal ½ smooth; first thoracic segment with 2 pairs of anterodorsal setae (Ad₁,Ad₂) and 3 pairs of dorsal setae (D₁, D₂, D₃),with D₃ being minute and practically imperceptible; abdominal segments with the first pair of ventral setae (V₁) significantly smaller than the rest; sternal patch with ellipsoidal shape longitudinally elongated; abdominal segment 8 with a pair of semi-spherical projections on the dorsal surface, where the dorsal setae (D) are inserted; anal slit (asl) long, almost the same length as the 8 th abdominal segment.

Puparium: Length varying from 8-14 mm, including head, three thoracic segments and eight abdominal segments ( Fig. 3 View Figure 3 ); cuticle brownish, with erect dorsal setae. Head ( Figs. 3-4 View Figure 3 View Figure 4 ). Subtriangular, longer than wide and flattened dorsoventrally, without plates or scales; labrum (lb) triangular; antennae (a) short emerging dorsolaterally on the anterior portion of the head; dorsal surface smooth with median line extending from the base of the head up to the labrum (lb); eye prominence (ep) with ocular tubercles positioned on the posterior ½ of the head with inconspicuous eyes. Ventral surface smooth, without plates or scales, with prementum (prm) evident; mandibular-maxillary complex (mm) well developed and housed in clefts; maxillary palpus (mxp) inserted in the anterior portion of the molar area (mo). Chaetotaxy of the dorsal surface:2 pairs of minute labral setae (Lb₁, Lb₂) with a barbed aspect, similar to brushes, positioned on the anterior extremity of the clipeus; 2 pairs of clipeofrontal setae (Cf₁, Cf₂), the anterior pair (Cf₁) significantly longer than the posterior (Cf₂); 1 pair of dorsolateral seta (Dl) above the eyes; 2 pairs of lateral setae (L₁, L₂), the first (L₁) inserted shortly after the labrum and before the antennae, and the second (L₂) inserted in the space between the eyes and ocular tubercles. Chaetotaxy of the ventral surface: 1 pair of long sublabral setae (Sl) below the apex of the labrum, with the basal ½ barbed and the distal ½ smooth; 3 pairs of short ventral setae (V₁, V₂, V₃) located right below the mandibular clefts; 2 pairs of ventrolateral setae (Vl₁, Vl₂), with the first pair (Vl₁) inserted shortly before the alignment of the antenna, and the second pair (Vl₂) aligned with the eye prominence (ep). Thorax ( Figs. 3 View Figure 3 , 5 View Figure 5 ). Coated by plates or scales with elliptical shape. Prothorax subretangular in shape, with prominent anterior spiracles (as); mesothorax and metathorax with lateral edges curved; T-shaped suture visible on the metathorax and mesothorax. Chaetotaxy of the dorsal surface: prothorax with 2 pairs of anterodorsal setae (Ad₁, Ad₂) and 3 pairs of dorsal setae (D₁, D₂, D₃), with minute D₁ and D₃, D₃ being shorter than D₁ and, in general, harder to visualize; 1 pair of dorsolateral setae (Dl) inserted before the anterior spiracle (as); meso and metathorax with 3 pairs of dorsal setae (D₁, D₂, D₃), the second pair (D₂) longer than the rest; 1 pair of lateral setae (L) on the anterior portion of each segment.Chaetotaxy of the ventral surface: prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax similar, with 1 pair of ventrolateral setae (Vl) and 2 pairs of ventral setae (V₁, V₂), with V₁ short and V₂ bipartite, long and with a short accessory seta (V₂). Abdomen ( Figs. 3 View Figure 3 , 6-7 View Figure6 View Figure 7 ). Segments 1-7 with similar shape; 1 pair of dorsolateral pupal respiratory horns (ph) in each of the segments 2-5; sternal patch (spa) on the ventromedian portion of segment 6, with longitudinally elongated elliptical shape, composed by cylindrical cells with distinct pores (po) ( Fig. 6 View Figure6 ); segment 8 with semicircular shape; anal slit (asl) surrounded by two perianal grooves. Chaetotaxy of segments 1-7 in dorsal view: 3 pairs of dorsal setae (D₁, D₂, D₃), D₁ being the longest and D₁, D₃ the shortest; a pair of lateral setae (L) near the end of each segment; 1 pair of short dorsolateral setae (Dl) near the start of each segment.Chaetotaxy of segments 1-7 in ventral view: 2 pairs of ventrolateral setae (Vl₁, Vl₂) with the first pair (Vl₁) inserted at the top of each segment and being slightly longer than the second (Vl₂) inserted near the end of each segment; 3 pairs of ventral setae (V₁, V₂,V₃),V₁ significantly shorter than the rest. Chaetotaxy of segment 8 in dorsal view: 1 pair of dorsal setae (D) emerging from the top of semispherical projections; 2 pairs of long barbed lateral setae (L₁, L₂). Chaetotaxy of segment 8 in ventral view: 4 pairs of ventral setae (V₁, V₂, V₃, V₄); 1 pair of subapical setae (Sa) and 1 pair of apical setae (Ap).

Material examined. Planaltina , [Brasília,] DF [Distrito Federal], Brasil, 05.ii.2020 (EMBRAPA [CERRADOS]), Pujol / Mousinho / Morgado [cols.], 15°35′30″S, 47°42′30″W, Raiz de mandioca [cassava root], [emergence] 03.iv.2020 (1♂, UNB-238098) GoogleMaps ; [emergence] 09.iv.2020 (1♂, UNB-238113) GoogleMaps ; [emergence] 13.iv.2020 (2♀, UNB-237985, UNB-238077); [emergence] 14.iv.2020 (2♂, UNB-237975, UNB-238049); [emergence] 20.iv.2020 (1♂, UNB-238023); [emergence] 24.iv.2020 (1♀, UNB-238066); [emergence] 25.iv.2020 (1♀, UNB-238092); [emergence] 27.iv.2020 (1♂, UNB-238075); [emergence] 28.iv.2020 (1♀, UNB-238041); [emergence] 30.iv.2020 (1♀, UNB-238005); [emergence] 04.v.2020 (1♀, UNB-238116); [emergence] 05.vi.2020 (1♀, UNB-238043).

Comments: The development time of Cyphomyia wiedemanni , from collection until the emergence of the adults, varied from 85 to 123 days. The larvae and puparia of C. wiedemanni are morphologically similar. A few differences are noticeable, all related to different development stages. We were unable to find features on the surface of the body unique to the larvae or puparia. Both larvae and puparia are flattened dorsoventrally (more pronounced in the larvae than the puparia). The dorsal setae 3 (D3) is always present in the larvae, but is hardly ever observable in the puparia, which are minute, delicate and break easily. In the larvae, the abdominal spiracles are observable dorsally in the segments 2-5, while in the puparia the respiratory horns are present, positioned dorsolaterally.

The general shape of the puparia, as well as the chaetotaxy, have proven conservative across the species of Cyphomyia . Even so, C. wiedemanni exhibits some distinct differences in comparison to the other species, such as: (1) presence of only one ocular tubercle immediately posterior to the eye, shared with C. albitarsis and C. leucocephala , but with a slightly less pronounced sulcus between the eyes and tubercles. (2) Chaetotaxy of thoracic segment 1, similar to that of C. albitarsis , with 2 pairs of anterodorsal setae (Ad₁, Ad₂) and 3 pairs of dorsal setae (D₁, D₂, D₃). (3) Chaetotaxy of abdominal segments also like C. albitarsis . (4) Anal slit length diverges significantly among species,being longer in C.wiedemanni , extending for almost the entire length of the 8 th abdominal segment. (5) Semispherical projections with the dorsal setae (D) on the dorsal surface of the 8 th abdominal segment, as in C. leucocephala e C. albitarsis .

In addition to the record from this study for the Distrito Federal,the distribution of Cyphomyia wiedemanni was expanded to all regions of Brazil based on records from iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/294692-Cyphomyia-wiedemanni): North (Acre), Northeast (Alagoas, Bahia, Pernambuco), Southeast (Espírito Santo, SÃo Paulo) and South (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul).