Entomocorus, EIGENMANN, 1917

GENUS ENTOMOCORUS EIGENMANN, 1917 View in CoL (CLADE 97)

Entomocorus Eigenmann, 1917: 403 View in CoL (type species: Entomocorus benjamini Eigenmann, 1917 View in CoL ; type by monotypy. Gender masculine).

Included species: Entomocorus benjamini Eingenmann, 1917 View in CoL , Entomocorus gameroi Mago-Leccia, 1984 View in CoL , * Entomocorus melaphareus Akama & Ferraris, 2003 View in CoL and Entomocorus radiosus Reis & Borges, 2006 View in CoL .

Diagnosis: Entomocorus is diagnosed by 41 molecular and 19 morphological synapomorphies. Exclusive: (1) accessory dermal ossification present between frontal, sphenotic and parieto-supraoccipital (char. 3559: 0 → 1); and (2) first unbranched ray of pelvic fin in nuptial males larger than in females and non-nuptial males (char. 3721: 0 → 1). Non-exclusive: (3) extension present of anterior cartilage of lateral ethmoid (char. 3547: 1 → 0), convergent in Trachelyopterini , Centromochlinae (except Gelanoglanis pan and Gelanoglanis varii ), Liosomadoras and Epapterus ; (4) lateral margin of frontal participating of orbital margin (char. 3553: 1 → 0), convergent in Centromochlinae , Tocantinsia , Trachelyichthys and Trachycorystes trachycorystes ; (5) posterior process of posttemporal–supracleithrum posterodorsally oriented (char. 3561: 0 → 1), convergent in Centromochlinae (except Glanidium catharinensis , Glanidium sp.1 RS and Glanidium sp. 2 RS), Auchenipterichthys , Spinipterus , Epapterus, Pseudauchenipterusnodosus , Trachelyichthys , Trachelyopterus amblops , Trachelyopterus insignis , Trachelyopterus cf. Trachelyopterus galeatus , some species of Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura ; (6) posterior process of epioccipital forming simple spine (char. 3563: 1 → 0), convergent in Asterophysus , Auchenipterichthys , Balroglanis , Gelanoglanis and Trachelyopterichthys ; (7) premaxilla almost straight (char. 3584: 1 → 0), convergent in Auchenipterichthys , Gelanoglanis , Glanidium catharinensis and Glanidium cesarpintoi ; (8) premaxillary teeth straight (char.3589: 0→ 1), convergent in several auchenipterids; (9) ascending process of Meckel’s cartilage extended(char.3599:0 →1),convergent in Tympanopleura , Ageneiosus and Auchenipterichthys (except Auchenipterichthys thoracatus ); (10) cartilage of posterior condyle of the autopalatine small (char. 3609: 0 → 1), convergent in Ageneiosus , Tympanopleura , Auchenipterus , Gephyromochlus and some species of Tatia ; (11) posteriormost pterygiophore of dorsal fin not supporting ray (char.3677: 0 → 1), most Centromochlinae , Trachelyichthys sp. 1 and Trachelyopterus coriaceus ; (12) posterior bony projection absent on last pterygiophore of dorsal fin (char. 3680: 1 → 0), convergent in Auchenipterichthys punctatus , Balroglanis , Gelanoglanis , Glanidium , Liosomadoras , Pseudotatia , some species of Tatia , Trachelyichthys , Trachycorystes and Spinipterus ; (13) pectoral girdle elongate, at least half the width of the pectoral girdle (char. 3695: 0 → 2), convergent in Auchenipterichthys, Trachelyopterina and Centromochlinae (except Glanidium catharinensis ); (14) anterior margin of pectoral-fin spine with retrorse serrations (char. 3703: 2 → 1), convergent in Auchenipterichthys , Trachelyichthys (except Trachelyichthys sp. 1 ), most species of Trachelyopterus and Trachycorystes menezesi ; (15) basipterygium with anterolateral process much longer than anteromedial (char. 3725: 0 → 1), convergent in Centromochlinae (except Ferrarissoaresia and Glanidium ), Trachelyopterini (except Trachelyopterus amblops and Trachelyopterus coriaceus ); (16) short cartilage on lateral process of basipterygium (char. 3727: 1 → 0), convergent in Epapterus , Glanidium , Tetranematichthys , Trachelyichthys sp. 1 and Trachelyopterichthys ; (17) basal process of pelvic-fin rays oriented posteromedially in dorsal view (char. 3732: 0 → 1), convergent in Auchenipterichthys, Centromochlinae (except Gelanoglanis and Glanidium ), Liosomadoras oncinus , Tocantinsia , Trachelyichthys , Trachelyopterus insignis and Spinipterus sp. ‘oncinha’; (18) genital tube anterior to anal-fin rays and apart from anal-fin base (char. 3735: 0 → 1), exclusive in Auchenipterinae , convergent in Centromochlinae ; and (19) proximal portion of fifth hypural not contacting confluence between third and fourth hypurals and epineural (char. 3752: 1 → 0), convergent in Duringlanis , Balroglanis , some species of Tatia , Liosomadoras oncinus , Pseudotatia , Glanidium and Gephyromochlus .

C o m p a r i s o n s: E n t o m o c o r u s i s a r e m a r k a b l y m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y d i s t i n c t i v e s m a l l b o d y - s i z e d genus within the family, with reproductive males developing conspicuous sexually dimorphic features. It is distinguished from the remaining auchenipterids by the unique features of an accessory dermal ossification between the frontal, sphenotic and parieto-supraoccipital (vs. accessory ossification absent) and by having the first unbranched pelvic-fin ray in nuptial males longer than in females and non-nuptial males (vs. sexual dimorphism absent in the pelvic-fin rays). It is further distinguished from all auchenipterines by males having the genital tube positioned anterior to the anal-fin rays and apart from the anal-fin base (vs. genital tube positioned at the base of the anal fin and united by skin to the anterior anal-fin rays) and, except for Trachelyopterus and Spinipterus , by the number of branched pelvic-fin rays, five (vs. six in Liosomadoras , Tocantinsia , Ageneiosus , Tympanopleura and Tetranematichthys , seven in Pseudauchenipterus , eight or nine in Trachycorystes and Auchenipterichthys , nine in Asterophysus , nine to 14 in Pseudepapterus , ten or 11 in Trachelyichthys , ten to 14 in Auchenipterus and Trachelyopterichthys ,and 14–16 in Epapterus ), except for Asterophysus , Auchenipterichthys and Trachelyopterichthys , by the posterior process of the epioccipital as a simple spine (vs. posterior process of the epioccipital small and pointed, laminar or bifurcated) and, except for Trachelyichthys sp. 1 and Trachelyopterus coriaceus , by having the posteriormost pterygiophore of the dorsal fin not supporting any ray (vs. posteriormost pterygiophore of dorsal fin supporting one or two rays).

GENUS PSEUDEPAPTERUS STEINDACHNER, 1915 View in CoL (CLADE 99)

Pseudepapterus Steindachner, 1915: 199 View in CoL (type species: Auchenipterus (Pseudepapterus) hasemani Steindachner, 1915 View in CoL ; type by monotypy. Gender masculine).

Included species: Pseudepapterus cucuhyensis Böhlke, 1951 View in CoL , * Pseudepapterus gracilis Ferraris & Vari, 2000 View in CoL and Pseudepapterus hasemani ( Steindachner, 1915) View in CoL .

Diagnosis: Pseudepapterus is diagnosed by 12 molecular and 17 morphological synapomorphies. Exclusive: (1) premaxilla extremely reduced in size (char. 3582: 0 → 1); and (2) cartilage of lateral process of basipterygium fused to main body of basipterygium (char. 3728: 0 → 1). Non-exclusive: (3) anteromedial portion of mesethmoid not contacting premaxilla (char. 3534: 0 → 1), convergent in Ageneiosini and Gelanoglanis ; (4) posterior margin of cranial fontanel with longitudinal sulcus (char. 3544: 0 → 1), convergent in Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura rondoni ; (5) posterior process of epioccipital laminar (char. 3563: 1 → 2), convergent in Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura ; (6) coronomeckelian bone conspicuously separated from anguloarticular (char. 3597: 1 → 0), convergent in Trachelyichthys , Pseudauchenipterus jequitinhonhae , Pseudauchenipterus nodosus and Centromochlinae (except Glanidium catharinensis , Glanidium ribeiroi and Glanidium sp. 2 RS); (7) suprapreopercle short, approximately quadrangular to rectangular, with its length never surpassing twice the width (char. 3624: 1 → 0), convergent in several auchenipterids; (8) os suspensorium reduced in size (char. 3655: 0 → 1), convergent in several auchenipterids; (9) os suspensorium rounded or angled (char. 3656: 0 → 1), convergent in Auchenipterus (except Auchenipterus ambyiacus and Auchenipterus nuchalis ), Tatia reticulata , Tatia gyrina , Tatia sp. 2 , Gelanoglanis , Asterophysus , Liosomadoras , Tetranematichthys , Trachelyichthys decaradiatus , Trachelyopterichthys anduzei , Trachycorystes trachycorystes and Trachelyopterus aff. T. porosus ; (10) Müllerian ramus reduced, not surpassing half the length of the transcapular process (char. 3661: 0 → 1), convergent in Ageneiosus and Gelanoglanis ; (11) postzygapophysis of compound centrum extended up to sixth vertebra (char. 3666: 3 → 2), convergent in Ageneiosus , Asterophysus, Centromochlinae (except Balroglanis macracanthus ), Liosomadoras and Tetranematichthys ; (12) compound centrum including up to sixth vertebra (char. 3667: 3 → 2), convergent in Asterophysi, Auchenipterini and Ageneiosini (except Ageneiosus militaris , Tympanopleura cryptica and Tympanopleura brevis ), Glanidium cesarpintoi , Glanidium catharinensis and Liosomadoras ; (13) anterior nuchal plate absent (char. 3670: 0 → 1), convergent in Ageneiosini , Balroglanis , Duringlanis romani , Tatia musaica , Tatia meesi , clade 60 of Tatia and Gelanoglanini ; (14) ventral process of dorsal-fin spinelet short, reaching ventrally up to 20% of pterygiophore height (char. 3682: 1 → 0), convergent in Entomocorus gameroi ; (15) posterior process of cleithrum small, not surpassing base of branched pectoral-fin rays (char. 3711: 1 → 0), Tympanopleura brevis , Tympanopleura rondoni , Asterophysus and Tetranematichthys ; (16) suture of scapulo-coracoids conspicuously interdigitated up to middle of coracoids or near to its posterior border (char. 3714: 1 → 2), convergent in Asterophysus, Gelanoglanini , Gephyromochlus , Pseudepapterus and some species of Tatia ; and (17) distal vesicles present on anterior anal-fin rays of nuptial males (char. 3744: 0 → 1), convergent in Trachelyichthys and Asterophysus .

Comparisons: Pseudepapterus is a genus comprising small body-sized species and is distinctive within auchenipterids by the reduced size of the dorsal fin and premaxilla. It is distinguished from all other auchenipterids by the premaxilla being extremely reduced in size (vs. premaxilla well developed) and, except Epapterus , by the absence of premaxillary teeth (vs. premaxillary teeth present). It is further distinguished from other auchenipterids, except for Asterophysus , Pseudauchenipterus and Trachelyichthys , by having distal vesicles present on the anterior anal-fin rays of nuptial males (vs. distal vesicles absent in anterior anal-fin rays of nuptial males); except for Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura rondoni , by the posterior margin of the cranial fontanel with a longitudinal sulcus (vs. longitudinal sulcus absent on cranial fontanel); and, except Auchenipterus and Epapterus , by having a consistent skin membrane joining the proximal half of the contralateral innermost pelvic-fin ray (vs. contralateral innermost pelvic-fin rays separated from each other). It differs from all other auchenipterines, except Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura , by the laminar posterior process of the epioccipital (vs. posterior process of epioccipital bifurcated, as a simple spine, or pointed); except for Ageneiosini , by the absence of an anterior nuchal plate (vs. anterior nuchal plate present); and, except for Spinipterus and Asterophysus , by having the dorsal-fin spine short, less than one-sixth of SL (vs. dorsal-fin spine moderate, shorter than one-third of SL, or long, greater than one-third of SL).It is further distinguished from other auchenipterines, except Asterophysus , Auchenipterus , Epapterus , Trachelyichthys and Trachelyopterichthys , by having the pectoral-fin girdle within the anterior half of the body length (vs. pectoral-fin girdle approximately at the halfway point of the body).