DORADIDAE BLEEKER, 1858

FAMILY DORADIDAE BLEEKER, 1858 View in CoL (CLADE 21)

Doradini Bleeker, 1858a: 39 (type genus: Doras La Cepède, 1803 ; also in Bleeker, 1858b: 48, 52).

I n c l u d e d t a x a: A c a n t h o d o r a s B l e e k e r, 1 8 6 2, * Agamyxis Cope, 1878 , Franciscodoras Eigenmann, 1925 , Astrodoradinae Higuchi et al., 2007, Doradinae Bleeker, 1858 and Wertheimerinae Birindelli, 2014.

Diagnosis: Doradidae is diagnosed by 13 molecular and seven morphological synapomorphies. Exclusive: (1) midlateral scutes present (char. 3528: 0 → 1); and (2) ventral process on fourth basibranchial present (char. 3643: 0 → 1). Non-exclusive: (3) gill rakers of first branchial arch distinctly longer than those in remaining arches (char. 3637: 0 → 1), convergent in Ariidae , some mochokids, Pimelodus, Auchenipterini , Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura ; (4) posterior process of third epibranchial of approximately the same length as its mesial portion (char. 3648: 0 → 1), convergent in several siluriforms; (5) distal portion of posterior process of third epibranchial pointed (char. 3649: 0 → 1); convergent in several auchenipterids; (6) posterior nuchal plate broad (char. 3673: 0 → 1), convergent in some auchenipterids; and (7) hypurapophysis of type B ( Lundberg & Baskin, 1969) (char. 3747: 2 → 1), convergent in some auchenipterids, reversed in Megalodoras uranoscopus .

Additional synapomorphies: Ligament present between Müllerian ramus and lateral line (char. 212: 0 → 1, exclusive); infranuchal ligament between posterior nuchal plate and first rib ossified (char. 213: 1 → 2, exclusive); pectoral-fin spine locking foramen absent (char. 253: 0 → 1); and six or seven branched rays in ventral lobe of caudal fin (char. 306: 1 → 0). In addition, the coronomeckelian bone connected to dentary (char.137: 0 → 1) was also proposed by Birindelli (2014) as diagnostic for the family, but in the present observations, the coronomeckelian bone of auchenipterids contacts the dentary in the same way as in doradids, with the shape and size of the coronomeckelian bone being variable between both families ( Birindelli, 2014).

Comparisons: Doradids are distinguished from all Siluriformes by having one longitudinal row of bony scutes on each side of the midlateral portion of body, in which each midlateral scute bears a backward-directed thorn (except Wertheimeria , although sometimes, large individuals possess such scutes in the caudal peduncle; vs. bony scutes absent in Siluriformes , except Loricariidae and Callichthydae, in diverse configurations); it differs from Auchenipteridae by the subterminal or ventral mouth, except Astrodoradinae (vs. terminal mouth, except Ageneiosini ), lack of suborbital groove (vs. suborbital groove present), and intromittent organ absent in anal fin of males (vs. intromittent organ present, anterior to or attached at anterior rays, in anal fin of males).

FAMILY AUCHENIPTERIDAE BLEEKER, 1862 View in CoL (CLADE 29)

Euanemini Bleeker, 1858a: 39 (type genus: Euanemus Müller & Troschel, 1842 ; also in Bleeker, 1858b: 49).

Auchenipterini Bleeker, 1862 (in Bleeker, 1862 –63): 14 (type genus: Auchenipterus Valenciennes View in CoL , in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840; name in prevailing recent practice, ICZN Article 35.5).

Type genus: Auchenipterus Valenciennes, 1840 .

Included subfamilies: Auchenipterinae Bleeker, 1862 and Centromochlinae Bleeker, 1862 .

Diagnosis: Auchenipteridae is diagnosed by 20 molecular and 14 morphological synapomorphies. Exclusive: (1) suborbital groove to lodge maxillary bone present (char. 3501: 0 → 1); (2) urogenital pore of female enlarged, ending in internal cavity for insemination (char. 3733: 0 → 1); (3) anal fin of male with intromittent organ (char. 3734: 0 → 1); (4) anterior rays of anal fin of nuptial males larger than in non-nuptial males (char. 3743: 0 → 1); (5) first hypobranchial funnel shaped, with constriction on mid-portion and medial margin narrower than lateral (char. 3645: 0 → 1), reversed in several auchenipterids; and (6) cartilage on lateral process of basipterygium anteriorly elongated (char. 3727: 0 → 1), r e v e r s e d i n E n t o m o c o r u s, E p a p t e r u s, Glanidium , Tetranematichthys , Trachelyopterichthys and Trachelyichthys sp. 1 . Non-exclusive: (7) antorbital participating in orbital margin (char. 3514: 0 → 1), convergent in Helogenes , reversed in Ageneiosini , Gelanoglanis and Trachelyopterus insignis ; (8) ventral projection on antorbital present (char. 3516: 0 → 1), convergent in Anadoras grypus , Bunocephalus doriae and Pimelodus maculatus ; (9) premaxillary curved (char. 3584: 0 → 1), reversed in Auchenipterichthys , Entomocorus , Gelanoglanis , Glanidium catharinensis and Glanidium cesarpintoi , convergent in Pseudobunocephalus and Helogenes ; (10) levator operculi crest on hyomandibula present (char. 3617: 0 → 1), convergent in Helogenes and most mochokids, reversed in several auchenipterids; (11) interopercle short, ovoid (char. 3626: 0 → 2), reversed in several auchenipterids, convergent in Helogenes and Aspredo aspredo ; (12) os suspensorium reduced (char. 3655: 0 → 1), reversed in several a u ch e n i p t e r i d s, c o n v e r g e n t i n s o m e d o r a d i d s, Pseudobunocephalus and Euchilichthys dybowskii ; (13) basal process of pelvic-fin rays dorsally oriented (char. 3732: 0 → 1), reversed in Ageneiosini , Asterophysus , Gelanoglanis, Auchenipterini (except Entomocorus ), Trachelyopterus , Trachelyopterichthys and Trachycorystes , convergent in Aspredo aspredo , Bunocephalus doriae , Megalodoras uranoscopus and Rhynchodoras woodsi ; and (14) ventral process on hypurapophysis present (char. 3748: 0 → 1), reversed in Ageneiosus , Tympanopleura , Gelanoglanis and Trachelyopterini , convergent in Genidens barbus and most mochokids.

Additional synapomorphies: maxillary barbel moving vertically (char. 13: 0> 1, exclusive); posterior testicular lobes modified into hypertrophied storage bags (char. 44: 0> 1); and vertical rows of neuromasts dorsal to lateral line present (char. 117: 0> 1) ( Birindelli, 2014).

Comparisons: Auchenipterids differ from other Siluriformes by having a suborbital groove (vs. suborbital region without depression), secondary sexual dimorphism present in anal fin of males; genital tube present attached to anteriormost ray or anterior to anal fin (vs. lack of intromittent organ, except Astroblepidae and Scoloplacidae ), anal fin of nuptial males larger than non-nuptial males (vs. anal fin of nuptial males and non-nuptial males of same size).

SUBFAMILY CENTROMOCHLINAE BLEEKER, 1862 (CLADE 30)

Centromochli Bleeker, 1862 (in Bleeker, 1862 –63): 7 (type genus: Centromochlus Kner, 1857 View in CoL ).

Included tribes: Centromochlini , Gelanoglanini , Glanidiini and Pseudotatiini .

Diagnosis: Centromochlinae is diagnosed by 28 molecular and eight morphological synapomorphies. Exclusive: (1) secondary sexual dimorphism in anal fin present, male and female with distinct anal-fin shape (char. 3737: 0 → 1); and (2) proximal radials of anal fin partly or totally fused in nuptial males (char. 3738: 0 → 1); Non-exclusive: (3) posterior process of posttemporal–supracleithrum anteroventrally oriented (char. 3561: 0 → 1), reversed in Glanidium catharinensis and Glanidium sp. 1 RS, and Glanidium sp. 2 RS, convergent in several auchenipterids; (4) lateroposterior portion of sphenotic slightly concave (char. 3552: 0 → 1), reversed in Glanidium , Centromochlus heckelii , some species of Tatia , convergent in Liosomadoras morrowi , Trachelyichthys decaradiatus , Trachelyichthys sp. 1 , Trachelyopterus lucenai , Trachelyopterus porosus , some mochokids and doradids and Pimelodus tetramerus Ribeiro & Lucena, 2006; (5) maxilla elongated, rod-like (char. 3590: 0 → 1), reversed in Glanidium and Tatia , convergent in Auchenipterichthys , Pseudepapterus , Trachelyopterus amblops , Trachelyopterus insignis and some mochokids; (6) middle nuchal plate and parieto-supraoccipital in contact (char. 3672: 0 → 1), reversed in Centromochlus , Duringlanis perugiae , Glanidium and some species of Tatia , convergent in Ageneiosini , Asterophysus , Entomocorus , Epapterus , Pseudepapterus , some mochokids, Ariidae , Nemadoras humeralis and Rhynchodoras woodsi ; (7) anterior margin of pectoral girdle anteriorly pointed (char. 3694: 0 → 2), reversed in Tatia simplex , Glanidium catharinensis , Tatia intermedia , Tatia sp. 4 , convergent in Asterophysus , Auchenipterus , Entomocorus , Pseudauchenipterus , Trachelyichthys decaradiatus , Trachelyopterus insignis , Trachycorystes menezesi , Spinipterus acsi , Pimelodus , Helogenes , Pterobunocephalus depressus and Trachycodoras nattereri ; and (8) cartilage on posterior margin of basipterygium elongated, approximately same length as basipterygium (char. 3730: 0 → 1), convergent in Auchenipterichthys longimanus , Auchenipterichthys punctatus and Trachelyopterichthys .

Additional synapomorphies: four to six branchiostegal rays (char. 177: 1 → 0); and five branched dorsal-fin rays (char. 237: 0 → 1) ( Birindelli, 2014).

Comparisons: Centromochlines are distinguished from auchenipterines by several characteristics related to modifications of the anal fin for copulation, such as: short anal-fin base (males and females); presence of secondary sexual dimorphism in the anal fin, where males have a drop-shaped anal fin (vs. lack of sexual dimorphism in the shape of the anal fin in the non-reproductive season); genital tube of adult males located anterior to the anal-fin rays and apart from anal-fin base (vs. genital tube of adult males attached to the base of anal-fin origin and united by skin anteriorly to the anal-fin rays); proximal radials of the anal fin fused in nuptial males, transforming the fin into a strong, functional structure (vs. proximal radials of anal fin not fused to each other); and, except for Gelanoglanis , the genital papilla of adult males with a hood-like flap of skin covering urogenital base (vs. genital papilla of adult males not covered by a hood-like flap of skin). Additionally, this subfamily is distinguished from the remaining auchenipterids by the very elongate cartilage on the posterior margin of the basipterygium, with approximately the same length as the basipterygium (vs. cartilage short).