Thinouia paraguayensis (Britton) Radlk.

6. Thinouia paraguayensis (Britton) Radlk. View in CoL in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 (5): 308. 1895

Figs 14 View Figure 14 , 19 A View Figure 19

Thouinia paraguayensis Britton View in CoL , Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 75. 1893

Thinouia sepium S. Moore View in CoL , Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4: 341. 1895. Type: Brazil. Mato Grosso. 1891–1892, S. Moore 1076 (lectotype, designated here: BM [ BM 000838100] [image!]; syntype: Brazil. Mato Grosso. 1891–1892, S. Moore 943, B †).

Type.

Paraguay • Central Paraguay. Road to Lambare , 05 May 1889, T. Morong 625 a (lectotype, here designated: NY! [ NY 02684301 ], isolectotypes: F [ V 0361740 F] [image!], MO [ MO 101264008 ]) .

Description.

Tendrilled liana; stem cylindrical, striate, puberulous, pubescent or tomentose, with yellowish to whitish indumentum, lenticels sparse, rounded or elliptic; cross-section simple or with neo formations when mature. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, ca. 0.5 mm long, tomentose, deltoid; petiole 2.6–4.2 cm long, canaliculate, pubescent or tomentose; petiolules with keel in the middle, terminal petiolule 0.7 cm long, lateral petiolules 0.1–0.5 cm long; leaflets with the adaxial side puberulous, pubescent-tomentose only on the veins, the abaxial side pubescent or tomentose, discolorous; the leaflet secondary venation craspedodromous; secondary veins 4–5 (6) pairs, opposite or alternate, spacing irregular, domatia sometimes present in abaxial surface of secondary vein axils; tertiary veins alternate percurrent; margins dentate-serrate, with 7–14 teeth per side, reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 4.4–6.5 (10) × 2.5–5 (8.5) cm, broadly ovate, apex obtuse or acuminate, mucronate, base decurrent or cuneate; lateral leaflets 3.5–4.5 × 1.8–4.4 cm, ovate, apex obtuse or acuminate, rarely retuse, mucronate, base truncate or rounded. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 1–6 (7.5) cm long; peduncle 0.7–4 (6) cm long; secondary peduncle (0) 0.1–0.7 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 1–3 mm long. Flower 3–5 mm long, pedicel ca. 2.3 mm long, villous; sepals ca. 0.5 mm long, connate at the base, deltate, abaxially villous, adaxially glabrous; petals ca. 1.6 mm long, spatulate, clawed, erose, adaxially glabrous or villous on the central part; appendages ca. 0.6 mm, shorter than the petals, bifid, sometimes bifurcate distally, villous; nectary disc annular, glabrous. Staminate flower with stamens 8, ca. 2.5 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers papillose, glabrous, sometimes puberulous; pistillode ca. 0.6 mm long, villous at the apex. Pistillate flower with staminodes ca. 1 mm long, villous; pistil 2 mm long, puberulous or villous. Fruits chartaceous, 2.6–4.2 × 1.3–2.3 cm; accrescent pedicel 4.2–6.9 mm long; stipe 5.2–6.4 mm long; seed locule subglobose; epicarp glabrous or with sparse simple trichomes in the locule and ventral side of the wing; cavity of seed locule with sparse capitate trichomes; capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and unicellular terminal cells. Seed ellipsoid, 5.4–6.4 × 3.7–4.5 mm, basally attached, glabrous.

Distribution, habitat and phenology.

Thinouia paraguayensis is known from tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests; tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, shrublands, and flooded grasslands and savannas in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay (Fig. 19 A View Figure 19 ), along roadside thickets, cerrado, chaco, gallery forests, and semi-deciduous forests. Flowering from December to April, and fruiting from January to August.

Notes.

Thinouia paraguayensis is morphologically similar to T. mucronata and T. ternata . To distinguish it from T. mucronata , refer to the comments under that species. From T. ternata it is distinguished by the terminal leaflets that are <5.2 cm long (vs.> 5.2 cm long), the lateral petiolules 0.1–0.5 cm long (vs. 2.1–4.4 cm long), the fruit 1.3–2.3 (vs. 2.5) cm wide), epicarp glabrous or subglabrous with sparse simple trichomes in the locule and ventral side of the wing (vs. glabrous).

In the protologue of the species (Morong and Britton 1893), Britton indicated the locality and number of specimens, but without specifying herbaria. The specimen NY 02684301 is chosen here as the lectotype of Thinouia paraguayensis (Britton) Radlk. The author of the basionym, Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, worked as the director-in-chief of the New York Botanical Garden and probably examined this specimen to describe the species.

For Thinouia sepium , a synonym of T. paraguayensis , the specimen S. Moore 1076 ( BM 000838100) is chosen here as the lectotype. The description of this species was based on two collections (S. Moore 943 and 1076), both collections from the same place, however the collection S. Moore 1076 has flowers and fruits and was the only collection we were able to locate.

Conservation status.

Thinouia paraguayensis has an EOO of 403,484.82 km 2 and an AOO of 148.00 km 2. In central-eastern Brazil and Paraguay, where the species is found, the major threat affecting this species is to convert forest areas to agricultural land (large-scale plantations), and urban expansion. Despite this, the EOO values and the number of threat situations approach the thresholds for the inclusion of the species in a threat category. There are no data on population decline for the application of other criteria, thus, it should be regarded as Least Concern (LC).

Selected specimens examined.

Bolivia. Santa Cruz • Prov. Andrés Ibáñez, 7 km NW of Puerto Pailas , 300 m, 10 Feb 1994, Nee et al. 44866 ( NY, US) • Prov. Chiquitos, Parque Histórico Santa Cruz La Vieja , 5 Apr 2006, Ferrucci et al. 2535 ( CTES, UEC) • Prov. Cordillera, Cabezas , 20 Jan 1945, Peredo 22 ( MO, NY) • Prov. Ñuflo de Chaves, Estancia San Miguelito , 260 m, 21 Dec 1995, Fuentes 1484 ( MEXU) • Velasco, 58 km W de Roboré , 110 m, 19 Jul 2013, Ferrucci et al. 3128 ( CTES, US) . Brazil. Mato Grosso • Vicinity of Estancia Miranda , 22 Jun 1979, Prance et al. 26298 ( CEN, NY) . Mato Grosso do Sul • Mun. Corumbá, Baia de Tamengo , 8 Aug 1979, Claudio 454 ( RB, UFACPZ, US) • Mun. Ladário, Estrada da Manga , 150 m, 3 Jun 1998, Damasceno Júnior et al. 1518 ( COR) • Mun. Porto Murtinho, Estrada para o Rio Apa , 14 Jun 2006, Barbosa 1544 ( HCF, HUEFS, MBM, MEXU) . Paraguay. [without Department] • Cordillera de Altos, 1898–1899, Hassler 3745 ( NY, P) . Central • Estero del Ypoá , 10 Feb 1990, Zardini and Velázquez 18791 ( US) • Jardín Botánico y Zoológico , 20 Jun 1990, Pérez 68 ( US) . Cordillera • Río Salado basin , 21 Jul 1990, Zardini and Velázquez 22320 ( AS, MO, US) • Altos. 21 Mar 1990, Mereles 3842 ( FCQ, MO) . Paraguarí • Ruta 1.5 km N de Quindy , 29 Mar 1981, Ferrucci et al. 178 ( F, MBM) • Cerro Mbatoví , 2 Jul 1988, Zardini 5433 ( MO) • Cerro Palacios , 9 Jul 1988, Zardini 5651 ( MO, US) • Acahay. Macizo Acahay , 5 Jan 1989, Zardini et al. 9207 ( MO, PY, US) . San Pedro • Alto Paraguay , 21 Jan 1961, Woolston et al. 1248 ( HUEFS, SP) .