Cybaeolus delfini ( Simon, 1904 )

Cybaeolus delfini ( Simon, 1904) View in CoL

( Figs 1E, G View Figure 1 , 19G–I View Figure 19 , 20E, F View Figure 20 , 25–27 View Figure 25 View Figure 26 View Figure 27 , 28C View Figure 28 )

Mevianes delfini Simon 1904: 111 [female holotype from Región de Magallanes, Magallanes, Punta Arenas (c. S 53.11° W 71.90°), in MNHN, examined]. Roth 1967: 307.

Cybaeolus delfini, Lehtinen 1967: 226 View in CoL .

Diagnosis

Males of C. delfini are similar to those of C. rastellus by having a fleshy median apophysis in the copulatory bulb and a two-pointed retrolateral patellar process ( Fig. 19G–I View Figure 19 ) but can be distinguished by the patellar process projected anteriorly and then curving abruptly, with its two apical thorns pointing posteriorly, and the median apophysis slightly narrower at the end. In C. rastellus ( Fig. 19E, F View Figure 19 ) the patellar apophysis projects posteriorly, and the median apophysis is distally expanded. Females differ from those of the other species by having the copulatory openings in a central position between the spermathecae, on depressions separated by median septum, and copulatory ducts not forming loops ( Figs 20E, F View Figure 20 , 25E, G View Figure 25 , 26A–D, G, H View Figure 26 ) while the other species have the copulatory openings more advanced ( Fig. 20B, D View Figure 20 ).

Description

Male (MACN-Ar 42819): Total length 1.93. Carapace 0.83 long, 0.70 wide. Abdomen 1.10 long and 0.83 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07; AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0,02, PME–PME 0,05, PME– PLE 0,03, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.15, front width 0.12, rear width 0.18. Clypeus height 0.08. Carapace light brown, darker lines radiating from the central region, darker well-defined border, anterior region with setae. Chelicerae length 0.28, ratio 0.38. Endites yellowish-brown, as long as wide, posterior lateral edge rounded. Labium darker anteriorly. Sternum wider than long, length 0.45, width 0.55, dark brown, dark edge, lighter medially. Abdomen with grey, brown, and white mottling dorsally, four to five reddish posterior chevrons. Ventral grey mottling in longitudinal stripes. Pedipalp cymbium oval, slightly pointed distally, copulatory bulb with fleshy median apophysis; tibial apophysis short and recurved, patellar apophysis erect on dorsolateral surface, with two teeth ( Fig. 19G–I View Figure 19 ). Spinnerets in relatively compact group, with similar pigmentation, darker at the basal part and lighter distally. ALS total length 0.13; basal width 0.08. PMS total length 0.10. PLS total length 0.17. Legs light castaneous-yellow with arrows in the proximal segment of the femur, metatarsus and tarsus, dark in the distal segment of femur and patella. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 2.66) femur 0.67, patella 0.25, tibia 0.47, metatarsus 0.75, tarsus 0.48 leg II (2.63) 0.75, 0.25, 0.67, 0.60, 0.36; leg III (2.21) 0.62, 0.22, 0.45, 0.55, 0.37; leg IV (2.58) 0.73, 0.25, 0.62, 0.65, 0.33; palp (0.86) 0.27, 0.20, 0.12, -, 0.27. Leg formula 1243. Pattern of spines: Femora: I d0-0-1. Patella: I d1-0-1, II d1-0-1, III d1- 0-1, IV d1-0-1. Tibia: I d1-0-1, p0-0-1, II d1-0-1, p0-0- 1, III d1-1-0, p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1, IV d1-1-0, p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1. Metatarsus: III p0-0-1, v0-1-1, r0-0-1; IV p0-0-1, v0-1-1, r0-0-1. Trichobothria on all tarsi d0-1-0; all metatarsi d0-1-0; all tibiae d0-1-0.

Female (MACN-Ar 42819). Total length 2.27. Carapace 0.90 long, 0.75 wide. Abdomen 1.50 long and 1.18 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.07, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0,02, PME–PME 0,07, PME–PLE 0,03, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.18, front width 0.15, rear width 0.20. Anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row slightly procurved in dorsal view. AME spaced less than their diameter. Clypeus unmarked, 0.12 high. Carapace light brown, slightly darker edges and darker thoracic V-shaped mark. Chelicerae short, with rastellum of five thick setae ( Fig. 25B View Figure 25 ). Endites about as long as wide, rounded posteriorly. Labium wider than long, darker anteriorly. Sternum yellowish brown, wider than long, width 0.58, length 0.50, edge thin brown. Dorsum of abdomen mottled, dark brown in the anterior central line and posterior laterals, mottled light brown in the anterior and posterior part, beige midzone. Epigyne ( Figs 20E, F View Figure 20 , 25E–G View Figure 25 ) with two depressions bearing the copulatory openings, separated by median septum. Copulatory ducts relatively short, leading to spherical spermathecae. Spinnerets in relatively compact group, ALS separated by less than a diameter. Legs brownish, with darker pigmentation in the form of rings. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 3.00) femur 0.83, patella 0.30, tibia 0.67, metatarsus 0.73, tarsus 0.47 leg II (2.97) 0.83, 0.32, 0.67, 0.70, 0.45; leg III (2.32) 0.70, 0.30, 0.47, 0.55, 0.30; leg IV (2.83) 0.80, 0.28, 0.65, 0.68, 0.42; palp (1.02) 0.33, 0.17, 0.22, -, 0.30. Pattern of spines: Femora: I p0-1. Patella: I d1-0-1, II d1-0-0, III d1-0-1, IV d1-0-1. Tibia: I d1-0-1 v1-0-1, II d0-0-1, III d1-1-0 r0-0-1 p0-0-1, IV d1-1-0 r0-0-1 p0-0-1. Metatarsus: III p0-1-1 r0-0-2 v0-1-0. Holotype female, measurements and spines: Total length 2.63. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.83 wide. Abdomen 1.65 long, 1.40 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.09, PME– PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.20, anterior width 0.16, posterior width 0.23. Clypeus 0.13 (2.6× diameter AME). Chelicerae length 0.37, ratio 0.44. Sternum width 0.62, length 0.55. Leg measurements (formula 1423): leg I (total 3.07) femur 0.86, patella 0.28, tibia 0.63, metatarsus 0.76, tarsus 0.54; leg II (2.94) 0.81, 0.22, 0.62, 0.76, 0.53; leg III (2.54) 0.67, 0.29, 0.50, 0.62, 0.46; leg IV (3.01) 0.78, 0.28, 0.71, 0.75, 0.49; palp (1.00), 0.26, 0.15, 0.22, -, 0.37, 1.00. Leg formula 1423. Spines: (numerous spines broken, metatarsus and tarsus of leg II missing); pedipalp: patella d1-0-1; tibiae: p1-0-1; tarsi: d1-0-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femora: no spines. Patellae: I d1-0- 1; II d1-0-1; III d1-0-1; IV d1-0-1. Tibiae: I d1-0-1; II d1-0-1; III d1-0-1, p1-0-1, v0-1-0, r1-0-1; IV d1-0-1, p1-0-1, v0-1-0, r1-0-1. Metatarsi: III p0-0-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1; IV p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1.

Variability and colour polymorphism:

The copulatory openings are most frequently found medially in the epigyne, on the posterior margins of the paired depressions, and the first stretch of the copulatory duct is diagonal upwards ( Fig. 25E, F View Figure 25 ). Some rare specimens have the copulatory openings in a more anterior position, on the external margins of the paired depressions, and the first stretch of the copulatory duct is transverse ( Fig. 26A–C View Figure 26 ) or slightly diagonal ( Fig. 26D, G, H View Figure 26 ). The copulatory duct may rarely describe a loop on the posterior margin, before entering the spermatheca (bottom arrow in Fig. 26C View Figure 26 ). We did not detect a geographical pattern of these infrequent morphologies, which are scattered across the species’ distribution in Chile, in Coquimbo (AMNH, LAM-0558), Araucanía (MACN-Ar 43231, 43232), Los Lagos (AMNH, LAM-0559), and Magallanes (holotype). The body coloration is extremely variable ( Figs 1G View Figure 1 , 27 View Figure 27 ). The phylogenetic analysis resulted in two groups of specimens (marked in shades of red on Fig. 29 View Figure 29 ), one from coastal localities in Chile ( Chiloé and Reserva Costera Valdiviana ), the other from localities close to the Andes in Chile and Argentina, in Araucanía, Neuquén, Río Negro, and Santa Cruz. The minimum inter-group divergence of the COI marker was 4.7%, much larger than the maximum divergences intra-group, of 2.3% and 2.0% in the coastal and Andean groups, respectively (maximum likelihood distances, Kimura 2-parameter). We were unable to detect any morphological pattern related with these genetic differences, which could be indicative of cryptic species.

Distribution

Known from forests and shrublands in Chile from Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar , in Región de Atacama, to Punta Arenas in Región de Magallanes, and in adjacent Argentina, from Parque Nacional Lanín, in Neuquén Province, to El Chaltén, in Santa Cruz province ( Fig. 28C View Figure 28 ).

Other material examined

ARGENTINA: Chubut: Lago Escondido [–41.7°, –71.61°], 19 Nov. 1961, A. Kovács, 1♀ ( AMNH). Parque Nacional Los Alerces: Lago Futalaufquen [–42.845°, –71.705°], 1 Feb. 1986, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN). Neuquén: Lago Hermoso [–40.351°, –71.554°], 15 Jan. 1985, M. Ramírez, 1♂ 2♀ ( MACN). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Puerto Blest, trail to Laguna Los Cántaros   GoogleMaps , 41.013754º S, 71.822738º W, 820–890 m elev., 28 Dec. 2010, M. Ramírez, V. Werenkraut   GoogleMaps , and S. Aisen, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 34359 MAI-1770, MLB-4412). Parque Nacional Lanín: Puerto Canoas and Lago Curilaufquen   GoogleMaps [–39.815°, –71.606°], 8 Jan. 1985, M. Ramírez, 1♂ ( MACN); Seccional Puerto Canoa   GoogleMaps , mouth of Arroyo Raquithue   GoogleMaps , 40 km NW Junín de los Andes   GoogleMaps (air), 39.745306º S, 71.478861º W, 906 m elev., 7 Dec. 2021, beating, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 43343); Seccional Puerto Canoa, mouth of Arroyo Raquithue, 40 km NW Junín de los Andes (air), 39.745306º S, 71.478861º W, 906 m elev., 7 Dec. 2021, beating, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 5♀ (MACN-Ar 43581 AGB-0013). Río Negro: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: near Puerto Alegre, Lago Frías   GoogleMaps , 41.04394º S, 71.79962º W, 811 m elev., 29 Dec. 2010, M. Ramírez, V. Werenkraut   GoogleMaps , and S. Aisen, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43241); trail to Co. La Mona   GoogleMaps , near Lago Espejo Chico, 40.58546º S, 71.70412º W, 832 m elev., 5 Jan. 2011, M. Ramírez and V. Werenkraut, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33729 MLB-4345); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 36484 DLP-4137); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 33730 MLB-4346); 40.590821º S, 71.704036º W, 815–840 m elev., 5 Jan. 2011, M. Ramírez and V. Werenkraut, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43234); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33731 MLB-4347); trail between Los Rápidos del Río Manso and Lago Los Moscos, 41.349315º S, 71.600526º W, 792 m elev., 13 Sep. 2010, M. Ramírez and V. Werenkraut, 4♀ (MACN-Ar 33791); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 33804); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33807); 2♀ (together with 1 immature) (MACN-Ar 33822); 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42819 AGB-0006). El Bolsón [–41.96°, –71.53°], 13 Mar. 1961, A. Kovács, 1♀ ( AMNH). Santa Cruz: bike trail to Chorrillo del Salto , 2 km N El Chalten [–49.30836º, –72.89956º], 406 m elev., 12 Jan. 2022, shrubs and forest, beating, P. Pacheco, 2♂ 4♀ (MACN-Ar 43327 AGB-0011).

CHILE: Región de Atacama: Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar : Las Lomitas, 26.7 km (air) N Chañaral, 26.00979º S, 70.60601º W, 823 m elev., 26 Oct. 2011, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, and J. Pizarro et al., 6♂ 5♀ (MACN-Ar 34237). Región de Aysén: Río Emperador Guillermo [–45.285°, –72.123°], 19 Feb. 1984, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (together with six immatures) ( AMNH). Parque Nacional Laguna San Rafael: [–46.86°, –73.53°], 16–24 May 1990, L. Peña, 2♀ ( AMNH). Región de Coquimbo: Parque Nacional Fray Jorge: 30°40 ʹ S, 71°41 ʹ W, 580 m elev., 10 Nov. 1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, and Allen, 1♀ ( AMNH); 17♀ ( AMNH); 1♀ ( AMNH LAM- 0558). Región de La Araucanía: Alto Caledonia, 42 km E Mulchen [–37.78°, –71.69°], 740 m elev., 14 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 3♀ ( AMNH). Parque Nacional Villarrica: road to Coñaripe, near sector Quetrupillén, 39.45314º S, 71.80915º W, 925 m elev., 13 Feb. 2012, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 36410 DLP-4210); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 36425 DLP-4201). Coicoicura, 5 Dec. 1992, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Estereo Molco [–38.822°, –73.071°], 18 Feb. 1991, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH). Malalcahuello [–38.471°, –71.572°], 1570 m elev., 13–31 Dec. 1982, 649 window trap, Nothofagus pumilio , Araucaria forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 3♀ ( AMNH). Monumento Natural Contulmo: 38.01314º S, 73.18648º W, 341 m elev., 9 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 41387); 38º00 ʹ 46.8 ʹʹ S, 73º11 ʹ 15.4 ʹʹ W, 360 m elev., 10–11 Feb. 2005, Berlese, M. Ramírez, and F. Labarque, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42817). Nahuelbuta, 37º48 ʹ 09 ʹʹ S, 73º0 ʹ 37 ʹʹ W, 1316 m elev., 20 Feb. 2002, Nothofagus dombeyi, J.E. Barriga , 5♂ 14♀ (MACN-Ar 42773 AGB-0040); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42774 AGB-0001); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42775 AGB-0002); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42776 AGB-0003); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42777 AGB-0004); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42778 AGB-0005). Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta: Pichinahuel, 37º47 ʹ S, 73º0 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 22 Nov. 2004, T., fogging s/ Araucaria araucana , Nothofagus dombeyi, J.E. Barriga , 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42812); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42814); sector Piedra del Aguila, 29 km W Angol (air), 37.82241º S, 73.03518º W, 1400 m elev., 12 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42813); sector Quetrupillén, 39º27 ʹ 42.1 ʹʹ S, 71º50 ʹ 44.2 ʹʹ W, 1280 m elev., 8 Feb. 2005, forest with Araucaria , Nothofagus , Chusquea, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque , 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42818); 37º47 ʹ S, 73º00 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 12 Feb. 2005, fogging Nothofagus dombeyi, J.E. Barriga , 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42810); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42811); fogging Nothofagus obliqua, J.E. Barriga , 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42816); fogging Nothofagus antarctica, J.E. Barriga , 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43231 AGB-0008); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43232 AGB-0007); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 43233); 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43236); [–37.783°, –73°], 1300 m elev., 1–6 Feb. 1979, L. Peña, 1♀ ( AMNH); 37° 49 ʹ 39 ʹʹ S, 73° 00 ʹ 32.2 ʹʹ W, 110 m elev., 12 Feb. 2005, forest with Nothofagus , Araucaria, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque , 1♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 42750 AGB-0014). Reserva Nacional Villarrica, sendero Laguna Verde, S39.201466°, O71.820053°, 618 m elev., 6–7 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43956). Tolten (coastal town), Vilupulli [–39.21°, –73.22°], 27 Feb. 1979, L. Peña, 1♀ ( AMNH). Región de Los Lagos: 10 km E Puyehue [–39.669°, –72.286°], 24 Jan. 1951, Ross, Michelbacher, 1♀ ( CAS). Parque Nacional Chiloé : 15 km S Chepu [–42.14°, –74.05°], 3 Feb. 3, 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42815); Arroyo Cole Cole 25 km N Cucao [–42.406°, –74.108°], 8–11 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN). Isla Chiloé : 5 km SW Chonchi [–42.65°, –73.83°], 2 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); 2♂ 2♀ ( AMNH); 2♀ ( AMNH); Dalcahue NE Castro [–42.37°, –73.65°], 1 Feb. 1981, L. Peña, 1♀ ( AMNH); El Pulpito [–42.773°, –73.786°], 21 Jun. 2000, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH); Cucao [–42.649°, –74°], 12 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♂ ( MACN); km 2 Puente Río Pudeto [–41.867°, –73.768°], 18 May 1998, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); 2♂ 20♀ ( AMNH); km 5 S Compu [–43.14°, –73.63°], Feb. 10, 1999, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 4♀ ( AMNH); Lago Tarahuin [–42.72°, –73.74°], 18 Feb. 1998, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH); Loncomilla [–42.167°, –73.625°], 7 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 3♀ (together with 13 immatures) ( AMNH); Mocopulli [–42.33°, –73.7°], 20 Feb. 1986, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); Piruquina [–42.38°, –73.79°], 10 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); 16 Feb. 1989, T. Cekalovic, 4♀ ( AMNH); 22 Feb. 1991, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH); 16 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 8♀ ( AMNH); 7 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 4♀ ( AMNH); Puente Trainel [–42.675°, –73.799°], 9 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); Río Cipresal, 42º 35.181 ʹ S, 74º 05.576 ʹ W, 2 Mar. 2008, fogging 150 cc/l Nothofagus nitida, Arias et al. , 1♀ ( CASENT 9034055 JMA-0205); San Juan de Chadmo [–42.971°, –73.581°], 10 Feb. 1999, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 4♀ ( AMNH). Isla Chiloé [no specific locality], 11 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 3♂ 1♀ ( AMNH); 21 Feb. 1991, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Quinchao: 3.5 km from Curaco de Velez [–42.44°, –73.6°], 6 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH); Curaco [–42.44°, –73.6°], 10 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH); Lago Poluz [–42.4°, –73.5°], 6 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); Laguna Pulol [–42.408°, –73.61°], 7 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH); Hullar Alto [–42.407°, –73.573°], 17 Feb. 1995, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Lemuy, Ichuac: [–42.617°, –73.717°], 9 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH). Llanquihue, E slope Volcán Osorno, above Petrohué [–41.145°, –72.411°], 400–1000 m elev., 21 Mar. 1965, H.W. Levi, 1♀ ( MCZ). Hills S Maicolpue [–40.62°, –73.74°], 50 m elev., 19 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 3♀ ( AMNH); 1♀ ( AMNH). 1 km from road intersection from Osorno to Pucatrihue, 6 Mar. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Parque Nacional Puyehue, sector Anticura, sendero Salto del Pudú, 40.675656° S, 72.164139° W, 480 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43972). Termas de Puyehue [–40.736°, –72.308°], 180 m elev., 24 Nov. 1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1♀ ( AMNH LAM- 0557). Parque Nacional Puyehue: Volcán Casablanca [–40.779, –72.192], 12 Feb. 1992, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, and P. Goloboff, 1♀ ( AMNH LAM- 0559). Región de Los Ríos: 34 km WNW La Unión [–40.21°, –73.45°], 700 m elev., 17 Dec. 1984 to 7 Feb. 1985, Fit trap, mixed evergreen forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♀ ( AMNH). Reserva Costera Valdiviana : Chaihuin, Las Garzas, 39º 59.687 ʹ S, 73º 35.227 ʹ W, 26 Feb. 2008, Fogging 150 cc/l Nohofagus nitida, Arias et al. , 1♀ ( CASENT 9039052 JMA-0165); 1♀ ( CASENT 9034004 JMA-0207). Las Lajas, W La Unión, 9–13 Jun. 1990, L. Peña, 1♀ (together with one immature) ( AMNH). Las Trancas, W La Unión, 19–20 Nov. 1990, L. Peña, 1♂ 3♀ ( AMNH). Neltume [–39.851°, –71.948°], Feb. 1987, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH). Región de Valparaíso: Quebrada El Tigre, 2.5 km E Zapallar, 32.55143º S, 71.43278º W, 357 m elev., 12 Feb. 2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, and J. Pizarro, 4♀ (MACN-Ar 33785); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35160 MAI-4201); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35162 MAI-4192); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35169). Zapallar [–32.553°, –71.469°], 27 Nov. 1950, Ross, Michelbacher, 1♀ ( CAS). Reserva Parque El Boldo, Zapallar, 300m NNE de ruta costera, 32.54593º S, 71.45179º W, 114 m elev., 12 Feb. 2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, and J. Pizarro, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35175). Región del Biobío: km 10 N Curanilahue [–37.38°, –73.34°], 21 Nov. 1992, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (together with one immature) ( AMNH). Quebrada Caramávida, ‘sector 9’, reserva Arauco, 15 km (air) E Antiguala, 37.66839º S, 73.22683º W, 800 m elev., 16 Jan. 2018, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, A. Pérez González, G. Azevedo, and W. Porto, 2♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 41274).

Phylogenetic analysis

Identification of legacy sequences

We tested the taxonomic identity of sequences from Cybaeolus sp. 11-01 from Miller et al. (2010). These legacy sequences matched our new sequences of an unidentified Hahniidae sp. from Chile, Chiloé (MACN-Ar 36389; COI divergence 0.2%), and thus are regarded as misidentified.

Maximum likelihood

The 10 analyses under maximum likelihood using the genomic backbone tree produced nine topologies, from which the one with the best fit (larger likelihood) was chosen ( Fig. 29 View Figure 29 ). For comparison, the analysis of the data without the genomic constraints produced a tree with very similar topology, except for some relationships of the outgroup taxa (Supporting Information, Fig. S2 View Figure 2 ). Hahniidae appear monophyletic with moderate to high support (bootstrap 81 in the constrained analysis, 98 in unconstrained one); the genus Cybaeolus is well supported and nested within the hahniids. The three species of Cybaeolus appear as monophyletic, confirming the male–female matching of the Taxonomy section. The analysis of the arrangement of spinnerets produced a better fit for the simplest model ( ER). The linear arrangement of the spinnerets is optimized as a synapomorphy of Hahniidae , with a reversal to the grouped state in Cybaeolus ( Fig. 29 View Figure 29 ). Since the two consecutive groups where Cybaeolus is nested have relatively low support (0.59 and 0.77), we further tested if a position of Cybaeolus as sister to the rest of the hahniids received any support in the 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates; that resolution had a frequency of zero, meaning that such a placement is strongly contradicted by our data.

Maximum parsimony

In the analysis under equal weights using the genomic constraint, Cybaeolus is monophyletic with high support values (bootstrap 99), as is each of the species within this genus (Supporting Information, Fig. S3 View Figure 3 ). For the rest of the tree the supports are low, although the optimal topology is similar in general to the one from the maximum likelihood analysis. The low support values may be attributed to the many terminals with sequences from only a single marker. In the implied weighting analysis using the genomic constraint (Supporting Information, Fig. S4 View Figure 4 ), the groups are also similar as in the previous analyses, but the support values are slightly higher than in the equal weights’ analysis. In both analyses, the parsimony optimization of the spinnerets’ arrangement is the same as in the maximum likelihood analysis.

Colour polymorphism

The three species show remarkable colour polymorphism, which seems unrelated to geographic location and time of collection, since many morphs were collected at the same time in the same locality ( Figs 22 View Figure 22 , 24 View Figure 24 , 27 View Figure 27 ). There are also coincidences on the same morphs in different species. For example, (i) reddish chevrons, dark cardiac area, dark sides: C. pusillus ( Fig. 22A View Figure 22 . 2 View Figure 2 , A. 3 View Figure 3 , A. 11 View Figure 11 , 1 View Figure 1 , J, K. 2 View Figure 2 ) and C. delfini ( Fig. 27D View Figure 27 ); (ii) black with posterior red blotch: C. pusillus ( Fig. 22A View Figure 22 . 4 View Figure 4 , A. 19 View Figure 19 ) and C. delfini ( Fig. 27E View Figure 27 ); (iii) dark grey: C. pusillus ( Figs. 22A View Figure 22 . 5 View Figure 5 , A. 13 View Figure 13 ) and C. rastellus ( Fig. 24D View Figure 24 . 2 View Figure 2 ); (iv) dark band on pale background: C. pusillus ( Fig. 22E View Figure 22 ) and C. rastellus ( Fig. 24C View Figure 24 . 1 View Figure 1 , G). The examples above also show that similar colour morphs occur irrespective of sex.