Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884

Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884 View in CoL

( Figs 1C, F View Figure 1 , 2A–I, K, L View Figure 2 , 3 View Figure 3 , 4 View Figure 4 , 17 View Figure 17 , 19A–C View Figure 19 , 20A, B View Figure 20 , 21 View Figure 21 , 22 View Figure 22 , 28A View Figure 28 )

Cybaeolus pusillus Simon 1884: 125 View in CoL [female holotype from Bahía Orange ( Isla Hoste, c. –55.531, –68.04), Magallanes, Chile, in MNHN, examined]; 1887: E17. Roth 1967: 315, pl. 50, figs 4–6. Lehtinen 1967: 226, fig. 353. Wheeler et al. 2017: fig. 5 (voucher ARASP17).

Dictyna fuegiana Simon 1895: 168 [female type from Tierra del Fuego, M.C. Bachkausen, in MNHN, examined by Lehtinen (1967)]. Simon 1904: 84. Synonymized byLehtinen (1967: 226). Clitistes velutinus Simon 1902: 20 View in CoL [female lectotype designated by Dupérré and Harms (2018), from Chile, Magallanes, Isla Navarino, Puerto Toro, c. –55.0827, –67.0741, Wald, 19.XII.1892, col. Michaelsen, in ZMH-A0000761, not re-examined]. Miller 2007: 269 (nomen dubium); Dupérré and Harms 2018: 8, fig. 5A–C (female redescribed, removed from nomen dubium), synon. nov.. Mevianes wilsoni, Simon 1904: 111 [female holotype from Chile, Magallanes, Bahía Allen Gardiner, c. –55.409, –68.301, B. Wilson, in MNHN 22122, examined by Roth (1967) and, Lehtinen (1967)]. Synonymized by Lehtinen (1967: 226).

Diagnosis

Males and females differ from those of other Cybaeolus species by lacking a rastellum of thick setae on the cheliceral promargin ( Fig. 17B View Figure 17 ). In addition, males are similar to those of C. rastellus by having a dorsally curved retrolateral patellar process with three to five acute tips ( Fig. 19A–C View Figure 19 ), but differ by the lack a median apophysis in the tegulum ( Fig. 19A, B View Figure 19 ), which is found in males of C. rastellus ( Fig. 19D, E View Figure 19 ) and C. delfini ( Fig. 19G, H View Figure 19 ). Females are similar to those of C. rastellus by having the copulatory openings anteriorly in the epigyne but can be distinguished by the copulatory ducts describing complete loops around the spermathecae, visible in ventral view ( Figs 20A View Figure 20 , 21B, D View Figure 21 ). In comparison, in C. rastellus the loops are restricted to the mesal margins of the spermathecae ( Figs 20C, D View Figure 20 , 23B–D View Figure 23 ). The copulatory openings are usually closer to each other than in C. rastellus , but this is variable across specimens ( Fig. 21D–F View Figure 21 ).

Description

Male (from Región del Maule, Talca Prov., Alto Vilches   GoogleMaps , 14–15 Nov. 1993, elev. 1180 m, 35° 36 ʹ S, 71° 04 ʹ W, N.I. Platnick, K.M. Catley, M.J. Ramírez, and R. T. Allen, AMNH; complemented with SEM images from other specimens). Total length 2.36. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 1.46 long, 0.86 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME – AME 0.04, AME –ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE contiguous; MOQ length 0.18, anterior width 0.14, posterior width 0.21. Clypeus height 0.14 (2.8× diameter of AME), orange-brown without marks. Carapace bright orange-brown, thoracic marks extremely faint. Chelicerae length 0.39, ratio 0.45, orange brown, external-posterior side with subtle stridulatory file. Endites orange-brown, not projecting posteriorly. Labium yellow-brown. Sternum slightly wider than long, length 0.57, width 0.64, orange-brown, darker towards edges. Abdomen dorsum mottled white with brick-red stripe over cardiac region extending posteriorly to four indistinct chevrons, laterally dark grey; venter silvery white with dusky median area, broad brick-red band around spinnerets. Pedipalp femur, patella and tibia light-yellow, cymbium dark brown. Pedipalp cymbium distinctly rounded, median apophysis absent, only a pale unsclerotized patch in its place ( Fig. 19B View Figure 19 ); tibial apophysis long and procurved, patellar apophysis recumbent on retrolateral surface armed with three or four teeth ( Fig. 19B, C View Figure 19 ). Spinnerets in relatively compact group ( Fig. 4A View Figure 4 ), pigmented, dusky-yellow with distal segments darker. Proximal segment of ALS 3.8 × length of distal segment; distal segment of PLS 0.26× length of proximal segment, PLS length equal to ALS. ALS total length 0.19; basal width 0.09, distal segment length 0.05, proximal segment length 0.14. PMS length 0.12, PLS total length 0.19; distal segment length 0.04, proximal segment 0.15. Spigot morphology: ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot flanked by nubbin, and 12 piriform gland spigots ( Fig. 4C View Figure 4 ). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot and three aciniform gland spigots, one slightly larger ( Fig. 4B View Figure 4 ). PLS with four aciniform gland spigots ( Fig. 4D View Figure 4 ). Epiandrous spigots absent ( Fig. 4E View Figure 4 ). Legs all light yellow-brown, femora with black annulations distally, tibiae and metatarsi with faint markings. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 3.62) femur 0.89, patella 0.31, tibia 0.89, metatarsus 0.90, tarsus 0.54; leg II (3.55) 0.99, 0.28, 0.86, 0.85, 0.57; leg III (2.91) 0.85, 0.28, 0.67, 0.66, 0.45; leg IV (3.29) 0.97, 0.27, 0.73, 0.81, 0.51; palp (1.02) 0.34, 0.21, 0.14, -, 0.33.

Female (holotype, Fig. 21G–J View Figure 21 , complemented with SEM data from other specimens). Total length 2.38. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.80 wide. Abdomen 1.46 long, 0.99 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07; AME – AME 0.04, AME –ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.09, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.19, anterior width 0.14, posterior width 0.21. Anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row slightly procurved in dorsal view. Clypeus height 0.11 (2.2× diameter of AME). Carapace pale-yellow, with no thoracic markings, with only a trace of black border to Carapace. Chelicerae without rastellum ( Fig. 17B View Figure 17 ). Endites yellow-brown, as long as wide, posterior lateral edge rounded. Sternum yellow-brown with no markings, slightly wider than long. Abdomen dorsum mottled white over entire surface, anterior mid-dorsal aspect with darker line; venter white mottled blotches. Epigyne flat, centrally rugous, copulatory ducts open medially and anteriorly ( Figs 17H, I View Figure 17 , 20A, B View Figure 20 , 21B, D, G, H View Figure 21 ), beginning with a lateral loop that passes dorsally to the spermatheca and continues in a second ventral loop that surrounds it; spermathecae large, spherical. Spinnerets in relatively compact group ( Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ), yellow-brown. ALS conical with wide base, PLS and PMS cylindrical, proximal segment of ALS 8 × length of distal segment; distal segment of PLS 0.25× length of proximal segment, PLS smaller than ALS. ALS total length 0.18; basal width 0.13, distal segment length 0.2, proximal segment length 0.16. PMS length (not accessible); PLS total length 0.15; distal segment length 0.03, proximal segment length 0.12. Spigot morphology ( Fig. 3 View Figure 3 ): ALS with major ampullate gland spigot flanked by nubbin, and 12 piriform gland spigots ( Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot, one cylindrical gland spigot, and five to six aciniform gland spigots, one slightly larger ( Fig. 3C View Figure 3 ). PLS with one cylindrical gland spigot, six aciniform gland spigots ( Fig. 3D View Figure 3 ). Legs all pale straw-colour with no markings. Leg measurements (formula 2143): leg I (total 2.96) femur 0.83, patella 0.29, tibia 0.67, metatarsus 0.73, tarsus 0.46; leg II (3.07) 0.82, 0.28, 0.71, 0.78 0.48; leg III (2.55) 0.76, 0.28, 0.51, 0.61, 0.39; leg IV (2.89) 0.76, 0.27, 0.72, 0.74, 0.40; palp (1.06) 0.34, 0.18, 0.21, -, 0.33. Pattern of spines: (most spines missing) pedipalp tarsi p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femora: I p0-0-1 0-1. Tibiae: I d1-0-1; IV d1-0-1, v0-1-0. Metatarsi: III p0-1-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1; IV p0-1-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1.

Variability and colour polymorphism

The male endites may be clearly projecting posteriorly (MACN-Ar 46682 MJR-2828) or swollen and slightly projecting (MACN-Ar 29776). The female copulatory openings are usually close to each other ( Fig. 21B, D View Figure 21 ), but they may be more separated in some specimens ( Fig. 21E, F View Figure 21 ). The body coloration is extremely variable ( Figs 2A–I, K, L View Figure 2 , 22 View Figure 22 ), even among specimens from the same locality and collection event ( Fig. 22A, K View Figure 22 ).

Natural history

Specimens were found in webs on foliage of Chusquea bamboo ( Fig. 1C View Figure 1 ) and other trees and shrubs. The eggsacs are affixed to the underside of a leaf and guarded by the female ( Fig. 1F View Figure 1 ).

Distribution

Known from forests in Chile from Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, in Región de La Araucanía, to Isla Hoste, in Región de Magallanes, and in adjacent Argentina, from Parque Nacional Lanín, in Neuquén Province, to Tierra del Fuego province ( Fig. 28A View Figure 28 ). The gap without records between Parque Nacional Río Simpson in Región de Aysén, and Cueva del Milodón in Región de Magallanes may be due to low sampling effort in the area.

Other material examined

ARGENTINA: Chubut: Parque Nacional Los Alerces: Lago Verde [–42.718°, –71.736°], Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 3♂ 3♀ ( MACN); Lago Verde reaching Río Rivadavia [–42.709°, –71.724°], Feb. 1986, M. Ramírez, 5♂ 20♀ ( MACN); Río Menéndez [–42.729°, –71.747°], Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN). Neuquén: Parque Nacional Lanín: Lago Hermoso [–40.351°, –71.554°], 15 Jan. 1985, M. Ramírez, 1♂ ( MACN). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Lago Espejo Chico, trail to Cerro La Mona, 40.57593 ºS, 71.70100ºW, 860–1060 m elev., 3 Dec. 2023, mainly Chusquea , manual collecting, A. Pérez-González, L. Martínez, M. Ramírez, and W. Porto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 46821); Lago Ortiz Basualdo [–40.983°, –71.864°], Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 3♀ ( MACN); Puerto Blest, [–41.033436, –71.816678], 7 Jan. 2000, beating, L. Lopardo and A. Quiaglino, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42790); Puerto Blest, trail to Laguna Los Cántaros, 41.013754º S, 71.822738º W, 820–890 m elev., 28 Dec. 2010, wet forest, M. Ramírez, V. Werenkraut, and S. Aisen, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33576); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33592); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33598); PuertoBlest, SenderodelaBahía, 41.02583ºS 71.82250º W, 789 m elev., 4 Dec. 2024, secondary forest, manual collecting, A. Pérez-González, L. Martínez, M. Ramírez, and W. Porto, 1♂, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 46817); Río Frías [incorrect label as PN Los Alerces] [–41.11°, –71.8°], Feb. 1986, M. Ramírez, 3♀ ( MACN). Río Negro: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Seccional Villegas, in front of camping La Pasarela de El Manso, 23 km W Río Villegas (air), 41.564945 S, 71.771917 W, 464 m elev., 8–9 Dec. 2021, beating, Pacheco, M. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 3♂ (MACN-Ar 43386 AGB-0012). Tierra del Fuego: Lago Roca, N margin, 1.3 km SE Chilean border, 54.81699 S, 68.58022 W, 40 m elev., 12 Dec. 2023, mixed forest, beating, M.J. Ramírez, F. Sola, V. Lencinas, and G. Sancho, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 46684 MJR-2827); 1♂ (MACN-Ar MJR-2828). Isla de los Estados: Bahía Franklin, Caleta Lacroix [–54.84°, –64.68°], 26 Nov. 2013, on Berberis ilicifolia , 2♀ (MACN-Ar 34106). Puerto Cook, S 54.77970, W 64.05944, 13 m elev., 28–30 Nov. 2014, peat with shrubs, beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 5♂ 8♀ (MACN-Ar 35866); 19♂ 18♀ (MACN-Ar 35877); Puerto Hoppner, S 54.78344, W064.41387, 13 m elev., 25 Nov. 2014, shrubby forest of Nothofagus betuloides near coast, beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 4♂ 7♀ (MACN-Ar 35871); Puerto Hoppner, 4 km (air) NW Puerto Parry, 54.78091 S, 64.40683 W, 10 m elev., 8–9 Mar. 2017, wet coastal forest, mosses, canelo ( Drymis winteri ) and guindo ( Nothofagus betuloides ), M. Ramírez, 1♀, (MACN-Ar MJR-1789); Puerto Parry, 54.81319º S, 64.37043 W, 2 m elev., 26–27 Nov. 2014, forest of Nothofagus betuloides , beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 5♂ 10♀ (MACN-Ar 35824); San Juan de Salvamento, at the end of bay, 54.75294 S, 063.88901 W, 31 m elev., 1 Dec. 2014, forest of Nothofagus betuloides , beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 14♂ 24♀ (MACN-Ar 35838). Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego: road to Cascada Río Pipo 9 km (air) W Ushuaia, 54.82008º S, 68.47024º W, 89 m elev., 4 Dec. 2012, manual collecting and beating, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, A. Ojanguren, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 29791); E margin of Lago Roca 15 km (air), W Ushuaia, 54.82581 S, 68.56300 W, 11 m elev., 4 Dec. 2012, mixed forest, manual collecting, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, A. Ojanguren, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 29748); 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 29776 male MLB-04362, female MLB-04363); 4♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 29781). Península Mitre, Bahía Buen Suceso, 54.79355 S, 065.2623 W, 15 m elev., 23 Nov. 2014, forest of Nothofagus , near coast, beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 2♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35875). Puerto Español, Península Mitre, 148 km (air) E Ushuaia, 54.90635 S, 65.99230 W, 5 m elev., 5 Mar. 2017, forest with guindo ( Nothofagus betuloides ) and canelo ( Drymis winteri ), M. Ramírez, 1♀, (MACN-Ar MJR-1789). Pta. Aguirre [–54.91°, –66°], 16 Nov. 1949, E.J. Nuñez, 4♀ (MACN-Ar 43426). Ruta B Estancia despedida, 44 km (air) WSW Rio Grande, 53.92318º S, 68.34422º W, 90 m elev., 6 Dec. 2012, forest of ñire ( Nothofagus anctartica ), manual collecting, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, A. Ojanguren, and E.M. Soto, 2♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 29857). CHILE: Región de Aysén: Parque Nacional Río Simpson, S margin of Río Simpson [–45.562°, –72.325°], 17 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 2♂ ( MACN). Región de La Araucanía: Estero Molco [–38.822°, –73.071°], 3 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Cabañas Ruiz, 20.5 km W Angol (air), 37.81290º S, 72.93690º W, 1023 m elev., 11 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42791). Monumento Natural Contulmo: [–38.013°, –73.188°], 300 m elev., 11–12 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( AMNH); [–38.027°, –73.203°], 12 Jan. 1989, M.A. Ramírez, 2♀ ( MACN); 38.01314º S, 73.18648º W, 341 m elev., 9 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 3♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 41386); 38º00 ʹ 46.2 ʹʹ S, 73º11 ʹ 15.4 ʹʹ O, 360 m elev., 12–13 Jul. 2012, manual night collecting, A. Ojangueren, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, and D. Valdivia, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42874 LNP-4084); beating, A. Ojangueren, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, and D. Valdivia, 1♀ 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42879); 38º00 ʹ 46.8 ʹʹ S, 73º11 ʹ 15.4 ʹʹ W, 360 m elev., 10–11 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42794); Berlese, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42786). Parque Nacional Huerquehue: near Laguna Toro, NE Pucón, 39.14320º S, 71.71238º W, 1225 m elev., 13 Feb. 2012, forest with Nothofagus , Araucaria , Chusquea , general collecting, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 2♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 35138); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35142 MAI-1866); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 35144 MAI-1868; 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35149); Laguna Toro, 39º08 ʹ 18.7" S, 71º42 ʹ 30.9" W, 995 m elev., 7 Feb. 2005, forest with Nothofagus , Araucaria , Chusquea, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque , 1♂ (MACN-Ar 33702 MLB-4320); 4♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42793). Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta: 37º49 ʹ 39 ʹʹ S, 73º 00 ʹ 32.2 ʹʹ W, 1100 m elev., 15 Feb. 2005, forest with Nothofagus , Araucaria, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque , 2♂ (MACN-Ar 33658 MLB-4307); 40 km W Angol [–37.82°, –73.01°], 1120 m elev., 13 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 5♂ 6♀ ( AMNH); Pichinahuel, 37º47 ʹ S, 73º0 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 22 Nov. 2004, T., fogging s/ Araucaria araucana , N. dombeyi, J.E. Barriga , 13♂ 11♀ (MACN-Ar 42781 AGB-0018); sector Piedra del Aguila, 29 km W Angol (air), 37.82241º S, 73.03518º W, 1400 m elev., 12 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson. and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42789); 37º47 ʹ S, 73º00 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 12 Feb. 2005, fogging Nothofagus antarctica, J.E. Barriga , 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42787); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43235); 2♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43237); 3♂ 14♀ (MACN-Ar 43238); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43242 AGB-0009); 3♂ 4♀ (MACN-Ar 42795). Río Pedregoso, Fundo Nueva Pomeramia [–39.17°, –72.3°], 19 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 3♀ ( AMNH). Tolhuaca [–38.23°, –71.73°], 15–23, Mar. 1986, L. Peña, 7♂ 3♀ ( AMNH). Región de Los Lagos: Abtao 5 km N Pargua [–41.776°, –73.422°], 7 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Caleta La Arena [–41.681°, –72.654°], 30 Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN). Chaitén, road side, at night [–42.92°, –72.7°], 10 m elev., 16 Jan. 1986, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and R. Schuh, 3♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Lemuy, Aldachildo [–42.583°, –73.61°], 20 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Lemuy, Ichuac [–42.617°, –73.717°], 20 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); Feb. 9, 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 3♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Lemuy, Puerto Haro [–42.63°, –73.66°], 24 May 2000, T. Cekalovic, 3♂ 10♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Quinchao, Curaco de Velez [–42.44°, –73.6°], 10 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 4♂ 11♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Quinchao, 3.5 km from Curaco de Velez [–42.44°, –73.6°], 6 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Quinchao, Hullar Alto [–42.407°, –73.573°], 10 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 19♀ ( AMNH); 17 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 10♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Quinchao, Hullar Bajo [–42.39°, –73.56°], 10 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 2♂ 7♀ ( AMNH); Feb. 16, 1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Chiloé , Isla Quinchao, Quetro [–42.418°, –73.58°], 16 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH); 19 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 36♀ ( AMNH); 1♀ ( AMNH); 22 Jun. 2000, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH). Isla Chiloé : 15 km S Chepu [–42.044°, –73.968°], 3 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN); Chepu [–42.04°, –73.97°], 12 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH); 19 Feb. 1991, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); 21 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH); 75 m elev., 21 Nov. 1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 2♀ ( AMNH); Chepu, NW coast Chiloé Island [–42.04°, –73.97°], 75 m elev., 21 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( AMNH); Cucao, Tepual [–42.649°, –74°], 2 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 2♂ 3♀ ( MACN); El Pozuelo (km 1.5 NE Butalcura) [–42.242°, –73.723°], 2 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ ♀ ( AMNH); km 11 N Castro [–42.38°, –73.76°], 19 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 5♀ ( AMNH); 1♀ ( AMNH). Km 2 Puente Río Pudeto [–41.867°, –73.768°], 18 May 1998, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); km 5 SW Chonchi [–42.64°, –73.81°], 2 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH); 20 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 2♂ 4♀ ( AMNH); 22 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 2♂ 4♀ ( AMNH); 1♀ ( AMNH); Mellico, 11 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 3♀ ( AMNH); Pid-Pid [–42.4°, –73.78°], 17 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 8♀ ( AMNH); Pindapulli [–42.3°, –73.62°], 7 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 9♀ ( AMNH). Pío-Pío [–42.814°, –73.584°], 10–12 Mar. 1987, L. Peña, 5♀ (together with 2 immatures) ( AMNH); Piruquina [–42.38°, –73.79°], 11 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 4♀ ( AMNH); 10 Feb. 1983, 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH); 1♀ ( AMNH); 16 Feb. 1995, 2♂ 3♀ ( AMNH); 7 Feb. 1998, 4♂ ♀ ( AMNH); 15 Feb. 1996, 3♀ ( AMNH); 18 Feb. 1997, 4♀ ( AMNH); 9 Feb. 1993, 1♀ ( AMNH); 1♂ 4♀ ( AMNH); Río Dongo [–42.603°, –73.876°], 19 May 2000, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 2♀ ( AMNH); San Juan de Chadmo [–42.97°, –73.58°], 20 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); Vilupulli [–42.605°, –73.788°], 14 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 5♂ 4♀ ( AMNH); native forest totally destroyed, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Hills S Maicolpue [–40.62°, –73.74°], 50 m elev., 19 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P.Goloboff, and M.Ramírez, 2♂ ♀ ( AMNH); 1♂ ♀ ( AMNH); 2♀ ( AMNH). Lago Calafquen, Casa de Piedra, 7 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic 1♂ ♀ ( AMNH). NW shore Lago Chapo, 41°27 ʹ S, 72°30 ʹ W, 250 m elev., 13 Nov.1966, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, 1♂ 1♀ ( CAS). Osorno [–40.58°, –73.11°], 24 Jan. 1952, Ross Michelbacher, 1♂ 4♀ ( CAS). Parque Nacional Alerce Andino: sector Sargazo, between start of sendero Los Ulmos and sendero Laguna Sargazo, 41.509747° S, 72.616501° W, 347 m elev., 3–4 Jan. 2023, M. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 43952); sector Sargazo, sendero Laguna Sargazo, 41.51613° S, 72.604081° W, 382 m elev., 3 Jan. 2023, M. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43957); sector Sargazo, sendero Los Ulmos, 41.507524° S, 72.619967° W, 382 m elev., 3 Jan. 2023, M. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43967); sector Sargazo, sendero ‘Rodal Alerce’, wet forest, 41º30 ʹ 35.8 ʹʹ S, 72º36 ʹ 44.6 ʹʹ W, 340 m elev., 4 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♂ 5♀ (MACN-Ar 42779); trail to Saltos del Río Chaica 7–10 km NE Lenca, 41º34 ʹ 41.9 ʹʹ S, 72º33 ʹ 24.2 ʹʹ W, 205 m elev., 2 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42780). Parque Nacional Chiloé : 15 km S Chepu [–42.14°, –74.05°], 3 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 2♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42792); Arroyo Cole Cole 25 km N Cucao [–42.406°, –74.108°], 8–11 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♂ 1♀ ( MACN); Cucao, sendero El Tepual, 42.61766º S, 74.10120º W, 15 m elev., 15 Feb. 2012, wet forest of Tepualia stipularis,M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo,P.Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf , 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42877). Parque Nacional Puyehue: 4.1 km E Anticura [–40.66°, –72.19°], 430 m elev., 19–26 Dec. 1982, trap site 662, Valdivian rain forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 5♂ ♀ ( AMNH); Aguas Calientes [–40.733°, –72.3°], 600 m elev., 18 Dec.to 8 Feb.1985, Nothofagus forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♀ ( AMNH); 6♂ 18♀ (MACN-Ar 21092); Antillanca road [–40.776°, –72.209°], 470–720 m elev., 18–24 Dec. 1982, screen-sweeping at dusk, Valdivian rain forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 5♂ 8♀ ( AMNH); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Berlin, 40.741952° S, 72.299176° W, 490 m elev., 10 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 3♂ 19♀ (MACN-Ar 43965); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero El Recodo, 40º44 ʹ 17.1 ʹʹ S, 72º18 ʹ 25.6 ʹʹ W, 367 m elev., 10 Jul. 2010, Beating, A. Ojangueren, L. Piacentini, and E.Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42863); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42876 LNP-4133); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Los Pioneros, 40.73794° S, 72.311679° W, 572 m elev., 9 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43970); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Recoba, 40.735181° S, 72.30985° W, 474 m elev., 10 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43955); sector Anticura, sendero Pudú, 39º44 ʹ 08.2 ʹʹ S, 71º40 ʹ 13 ʹʹ W, 396 m elev., 8 Jul.2010, under logs, A. Ojanguren, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42866); beating, 3♀ (MACN-Ar 42869); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42881 LNP-4140); manual night collecting, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42871); sector Anticura, sendero Salto del Indio, 40.663337° S, 72.17616° W, 358 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 2♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43963); sector Anticura, sendero Salto del Pudú, 40.675656° S, 72.164139° W, 480 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 2♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43971). Parque Nacional Villarrica: 10 km S Pucón [–39.359°, –71.964°], 900 m elev., 15 Dec. 1984 to 10 Feb. 1985, Nothofagus forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH); road to Coñaripe, near sector Quetrupillén, 39.45314º S, 71.80915º W, 925 m elev., 13 Feb. 2012, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42864 AGB-0017); Laguna Quillehue, sendero Fauna, S Curarrehue, S39.55426, W71.53685, 1119 m elev., 12 Feb. 2012, forest with Nothofagus , Chusquea, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf , 1♀ (MACN-Ar 29286); sector Quetrupillén, 39º27 ʹ 42.1 ʹʹ S, 71º50 ʹ 44.2 ʹʹ W, 1280 m elev., 8 Feb. 2005, forest with Araucaria , Nothofagus , Chusquea, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque , 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42782). Puerto Montt, Río Blanco [–41.45°, –72.888°], 24–29 Jan. 1983, G. Arriagada, 8♀ ( MACN). Puerto Montt, sector Chapo Rio Blanco [–41.45°, –72.888°], 30 Jan. 30 to 15 Feb. 1983, G. Arriagada, 1♂ ( MACN); 2♀ ( MACN). Puyehue [–39.669°, –72.286°], 700 m elev., 9 Dec. 1994, L. Peña, 2♂ 2♀ ( AMNH). Termas de Puyehue [–40.736°, –72.308°], 180 m elev., 24 Nov. 1981, forest, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1♂ ♀ ( AMNH). 10 km E Puyehue [–40.72°, –72.45°], 24 Jan. 1951, beating, Valdivian rainforest, Ross Michelbacher, 3♂ 2♀ ( CAS). Región de Los Ríos: La Herradura, 6km E Niebla [–39.85°, –73.33°], 20 m elev., 16 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 2♀ ( AMNH). Ñancul, Fundo El Lingue [–39.74°, –72.44°], Feb. 8, 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); 4♀ ( AMNH). Parque Nacional Alerce Costero: sendero Los Melíes, 39.951827° S, 73.55019° W, 32 m elev., 5 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43961). Parque Oncol: intersection Tepual trail to Río Cruces [–39.7°, –73.355°], 8 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 11♀ ( AMNH); km 1 before instersection of Cariñanco to Parque Oncol [–39.7°, –73.355°], 13 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH); rd intersection from Ronoval Canelos to Los Tepuales [–39.7°, –73.32°], 12 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 3♀ ( AMNH); road intersection to Tepual trail [–39.7°, –73.32°], 19 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 11♀ ( AMNH); Sendero Oncol, 13 km NNW Valdivia (air), 39.68806º S, 73.30408º W, 590 m elev., 14 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42788 AGB-0015); Quitaqui trail [–39.7°, –73.32°], 19 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 4♂ 13♀ ( AMNH). Las Lajas, W La Unión, 13–15 May 1990, L. Peña, 1♀ ( AMNH); 1♀ ( AMNH); May 9–13 May 1990, L. Peña, 1♂ 4♀ ( AMNH). Las Trancas, W La Unión, 500 m elev., 6–10 Feb. 1988, L. Peña, 3♀ ( AMNH); May 1990, L. Peña, 1♂ ♀ ( AMNH). 36 km W La Unión [–40.18°, –73.46°], 600 m elev., 25–28 Mar. 1981, L. Peña, 3♀ ( AMNH). 45 km W La Unión [–40.13°, –73.56°], 900 m elev., 1–2 Mar. 1987, L. Peña, 1♂ 2♀ ( AMNH). Reserva Costera Valdiviana : Chaihuin, Las Garzas, 39º 59.687 ʹ S, 73º 35.227 ʹ W, 26 Feb. 2008, Fogging 150cc/l N. nitida, Arias et al. 1♀ ( CASENT 9039051 JMA-0094); 1♂ ( CASENT 9039053 JMA-0220); 1♀ ( CASENT 9039054 JMA-0102); 27 Feb. 2008, 1♂ ( CASENT 9034002 JMA-0161); 1♂ ( CASENT 9034003 JMA-0100). Río Llancahue, km 3 S Coñaripe [–39.58°, –71.92°], 7 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Región de Magallanes: Monumento Natural Cueva del Milodón: sector Silla del Diablo [–51.57630°, –72.59473°], 140 m elev., 24 Jan. 2023, forest of ñire ( Nothofagus anctartica ), general collecting, M. Ramírez, G. Sancho, and M. V. Lencinas, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43976 MJR2700); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43977 MJR2702); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43978 MJR2704); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43979). Punta Arenas, Puerto de Hambre [–53.60985º, –70.93426º], 18 m elev., 26 Jan. 2023, forest of Guindo ( Nothofagus betuloides ) and peat with ñire ( Nothofagus anctartica ), general collecting, M. Ramírez, G. Sancho, M. V. Lencinas, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43980). Chile: Región de Ñuble: Puente Marchant 1300m, 36º 53.5 ʹ S, 71º32.5 ʹ W, 1130 m elev., 20 Feb. 2005, fogging s/ Nothofagus dombeyi, J. E. Barriga-Tuñón , 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42783 AGB-0016); 2♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42784); 12♂ 9♀ (MACN-Ar 42785). Región del Maule: Parque Nacional Gil de Vilches: [–35.6°, –71.04°], 1200 m elev., 8 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH). Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles: 35º50 ʹ 02.6 ʹʹ S, 72º30 ʹ 35.7 ʹʹ W, 174 m elev., 17 Jul. 2010, manual night collecting, A. Ojangueren, L.Piacentini, E.Soto, D. Valdivia, and J. Pizarro Araya, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42868).