Phragmataecia druska, Saldaitis & Yakovlev & Kalashian & Müller & Dûda & Prozorov, 2025

Diagnosis. Phragmataecia druska sp. n. differs from:

1) Ph. turkmenbashi by darker hind wing in dark form (compare Figs 2–3 View Figures 2–5 and 6 View Figures 6–10 ), narrower uncus, smaller juxta, more pointed apex of valva and saccus (compare Figs 18–19 View Figures 18–19 and 20 View Figures 20–25 );

2) Ph. effendii by darker hind wing in dark form (compare Figs 2–3 View Figures 2–5 and 7 View Figures 6–10 ), overall larger genitalia, relatively larger uncus, valva with sharper apex, proximally wider saccus with blunt apex (compare Figs 18–19 View Figures 18–19 and 21 View Figures 20–25 );

3) Ph. pacifica by slightly darker coloration in dark form (compare Figs 2–5 View Figures 2–5 and 8 View Figures 6–10 ), sharper apex of valva, better pronounced ventrobasal concavity of valva (shown at Fig. 19 View Figures 18–19 ), larger dorsolateral processes of juxta (compare Figs 18–19 View Figures 18–19 and 22 View Figures 20–25 );

4) Ph. castaneae by lack of large brown speckles, darker hindwing in dark form (compare Figs 2–5 View Figures 2–5 and 9 View Figures 6–10 ), triangular saccus versus variably shaped one in Ph. castaneae (compare Figs 18–19 View Figures 18–19 and 24 View Figures 20–25 );

5) Ph. furia by on average longer forewing (20–24.5 versus 18 mm), lighter coloration (compare Figs 2–5 View Figures 2–5 and 10 View Figures 6–10 ), slightly wider top of unsus, shorter and wider valvam slightly wider phallus (compare Figs 18–19 View Figures 18–19 and 25 View Figures 20–25 );

5) Ph. albida , Ph. anikini , Ph. valikhanovi , and Ph. roborowskii by presence of brown speckles on fore- and hindwings (compare Figs 2–5 View Figures 2–5 and 11–17 View Figures 11–17 ), slightly shorter and less curved valva (compare Figs 18–19 View Figures 18–19 and 23 View Figures 20–25 , 26–31 View Figures 26–31 ) with ventromedial concavity (shown at Fig. 19 View Figures 18–19 ).

Description. Male ( Figs 16–19 View Figures 11–17 View Figures 18–19 ). Two forms known: dark- ( Figs 16–17 View Figures 11–17 ) and light-colored ( Figs 18–19 View Figures 18–19 ). Antenna 6–7 mm long; rami gradually elongate in basal third of antenna, then rapidly shorten in distal half of medial third of antenna and stay barely pronounced until the top; flagellum and rami covered with light cream-colored scales and sparse brown scales in dark form. Head, thorax and abdomen dorsally covered with light cream-colored scales in light-colored form or mottled, with cream-colored and brown scales in dark form. Forewing 20–24.5 mm long; narrow, long, with protruded obtuse anal and tornal angles, and rounded apex; light creamy-colored with sparse brown scales along anal margin and subterminal area in light-colored form or dark creamy-colored with sparse brown scales in dark form. Cilia light creamy colored in light-colored form or mottled, with creamy-colored and sparse brown scales. Hingwing somewhat triangular, with rounded anal angle and apex; light creamy-colored with sparse brown scales in light-colored form or light creamy-colored in basal costal area, creamy-colored with sparse brown scales in anal area, and dark creamy-colored with sparse brown scales in medial area towards outer margin in dark form. Genitalia ( Figs 32–33 View Figures 32–34 ). Uncus somewhat triangular with lateral concavities; apex rather blunt, harder sclerotized. Tegumen a band with medial concavities, gets narrow towards connection with vinculum. Vinculum a narrow band, ventrally expands into somewhat triangular saccus with rounded apex. Valva as long as tegumen-vinculum complex, medially covered with sparse setae getting denser along outer margin, dorsally almost straight with slight medial concavity, ventrally rounded, with concavity near sacculus; sacculus sclerotized as hard as dorsal margin. Juxta somewhat of sella turcica shape with short upward dorsolateral digitiform processes covered with short setae. Phallus slender, slightly S-shaped, as long as valva, widening towards wide vesical opening; vesica conical, with two short conical processes with rounded apices and medial triangular sclerotized plate. Female remains unknown.

Bionomics and Distribution ( Fig. 23 View Figures 20–25 ). So far only know from three locations in south-western and central Armenia within the Eastern Anatolian montane steppe ecoregion ( Olson et al. 2001; Dinerstein et al. 2017). The type specimens were collected from the altitudes of 854–990 m in May and June.

Biotope of the HT and several PTs. The collection site is situated in Armavir marz (province) of Armenia in central part of Ararat plane southwest of Vagharshapat town in very peculiar and currently endangered habitat. According to EUNIS habitats’ classification ( Davies et al. 2004) adapted to Armenia by Fayvush & Aleksanyan (2016) the ecosystem is classified as Aeluropus spp. dominated habitats (Е6.251). Such ecosystems were formerly widely distributed in Ararat valley in Armenia, as well as in Turkish part of the valley and in Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. These are typical hygro-halophilous habitats characterized by rather rich and peculiar flora and fauna with dominance of A. littoralis (Gouan) Parl. Despite rather deep groundwater standing level located at a depth of 0.75– 2.5 m, the appearance of communities usually looks mesophilic. Its flora consists of about 100 species, in the grass coverage usually presented Alhagi pseudalhagi (M.Bieb.) Desv. ex Wangerin , Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. , Carex divisa Huds. , Gypsophila anatolica Boiss. & Heldr. , Crypsis aculeate (L.) Aiton, Atriplex verrucifera M.Bieb. , Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. , as well as number of rare plants included in the Red Book of Plants of Armenia ( Tamanyan et al. 2010), e.g. Halostachys belangeriana (Moq.) Botsch. , Kalidium capsicum (L.) Ung.-Sternb., Nitraria schoberi L., etc. During the last century in Armenia these areas have significantly decreased due to the ongoing measures for desalinization and cultivation of land. According to Sarkisov et al. (2010) who measured the range of red-listed Ararat cochineal Porphyrophora hammelii Brandt , this range drastically decrease from 3000 ha to 2000 ha during 10 years (1975–1985), and continued decreasing further because of desalination and drainage of soil in vast areas of Ararat valley, and now is presented by rather small and isolated plots surrounded by agricultural lands. Collecting site is situated in one of the two plots of State Sanctuary “Vordan Karmir” established for protection of cochineal which clearly not enough for conservation of this interesting habitats ( Kalashian & Fayvush 2022).

Etymology. The species name druska is a Lithuanian noun meaning salt, given for the hygro-halophilous habitat where the HT was collected.

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to the curators of the museum collections and private collectors: Manfred Ströhle ( MSW) ; † Thomas J. Witt and Harald Sulak ( MWM) , † Martin Honey and Geoff Martin ( NHMUK) , Xavier Dobrzański ( XDW) , Sergei Sinev and Alexey Matov ( ZISP) , Axel Hausmann, Mei- Yu Chen, and Ulf Buchsbaum ( ZSM) . The images of type specimens from the NHMUK are illustrated here with the kind permission of the Trustees of the Museum .

We express our sincere gratitude to Gayane Karagyan and Tigran Ghrejyan (Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RA) for helping to organize entomological expeditions in Armenia. The authors are deeply grateful to George Fayvush (A. L. Takhtajan Institute of Botany NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia) for the invaluable advices and consultations concerning habitat characterisation.

Special thanks goes to Aiste Pontezyte (Snede, Denmark) and Michal Pikner (Polešovice, Czech Republic) for the new species type locality pictures, and Raigirdas Pontezis ( Laasby , Denmark) and Rimantas Butvila (Joniškis, Lithuania) for their enthusiastic companionship during the field trips to Armenia .

The study was partly carried out in the framework of the Agreement of Scientific cooperation between Lithuanian Nature Research Centre and Scientific Centre of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RA .

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