Anemone hortensis L.

Anemone hortensis L. View in CoL Sp. pl. 1: 540 (1753)

Fig. 1 C View Figure 1

Anemone hortensis L. View in CoL Sp. pl. 1: 540 (1753) Lectotype designated by Arne Strid in Jarvis et al. (ed.) Taxon 54: 469 ( Jarvis et al. 2005): Herb Clifford: 224, “ Anemone hortensis View in CoL , Pulsatilla View in CoL 4, sheet A ” (lecto. BM!) [BM 000628826].

≡ Anemone stellata Lam. Encycl. View in CoL 1 (1): 166 (1783) nom. illegit, typified by the type of A. hortensis L. View in CoL

≡ Anemone versicolour Salisb. , Prodr. Chapel Allerton: 371 (1796).

≡ Anemone stellata var. versicolour (Salisb.) Sweet , Br. fl. gard. 2: sub t. 112 (1825).

≡ Anemone hortensis subsp. stellata (Lam.) Nyman View in CoL , Consp. Fl. Europ: 3 (1878). (nom. illegit Art. 53.3). Typified by the type of A. stellata Lam. View in CoL , which is the type of A. hortensis L. View in CoL (see note 1 below).

≡ Anemone hortensis [forme] stellata (Lam.) Rouy and Foucaud View in CoL , Fl. France 1: 48 (1893) nom. inval. (see note 2 below).

(≡ Anemone hortensis [forme] stellata (Lam.) Albert View in CoL , Cat. pl. vasc. Var: 4 (1908) nom. inval.).

= Anemone formosa E. D. Clarke View in CoL , Travels Eur., Asia & Africa 2 (1): 145 (1812). Type: Turkey, Troas [Biga], Mt. Gargarus [Gürgen Daği], 10 March 1801, E. D. Clarke s. n. (type n. v.).

= Anemone pavonina var. fulgens DC. View in CoL Prodr. 1: 18 (1824) Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.3): France, Landes , “ Anemone pavonina Lois. View in CoL in arvis St. Pandelon circa urbam aquaeus. J-P. S. de Grateloup s. n. 1810 ” (Herb. Lois. 000.543) (lecto. AV!) [ AV 0022164 ] ; syntype “ Anemone pavonina View in CoL , mars, avril, environs a Dax. M [isit] Grateloup s. n. ” (Herb. Lois. 000.547 (L 4 )) (syn. AV!) [ AV 0022166 ].

≡ Anemone fulgens (DC.) Rchb. View in CoL Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 3: 1. t. 201, f. 343 (1825).

≡ Anemone hortensis var. fulgens (DC.) Gren. and Godr. View in CoL Fl. France 1: 14 (1848).

≡ Anemone hortensis subsp. fulgens (DC.) Nyman View in CoL , Consp. Fl. Eur.: 3 (1878) (see note 1 below).

≡ Anemone hortensis subvar. fulgens (DC.) Hayek View in CoL , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30: 319 (1924).

= Anemone stellata var. purpurea Sweet , Br. fl. gard. 2: t. 112 (1825) Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.12): Sweet, Br. fl. gard. 2: [Icon] t. 112.

= Anemone latifolia Bellardi ex Re View in CoL , Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino 33: 233 (1829) “ Habitat in agro Nicaensi in locis incultis ”. Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.12): [Icon] “ Anemone latifolia View in CoL ex coccineo phaenicei coloris, unguibus parvis subpallidus ” ( Chabrey 1666: 462; see note 3 below).

= Anemone hortensis var. obtusiflora Spach , Hist. Nat. Veg. 7: 251 (1839) Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.12): [Icon] Bot. Mag. 3–4: t. 123 (1790–1791).

= Anemone hortensis var. acutiflora Spach , Hist. Nat. Veg. 7: 251 (1839). Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.12): [Icon] Reichenbach, Iconogr. bot. crit 3: t. 201 f. 343 (1825).

= Anemone hortensis var. alba Risso View in CoL , Flore de Nice: 7 (1844) Type n. v.

= Anemone hortensis var. variabilis Risso , Flore de Nice: 7 (1844) Type n. v.

= Anemone hortensis var. purpurascens Risso , Flore de Nice: 7 (1844) Type n. v.

= Anemone hortensis var. zonata Risso , Flore de Nice: 7 (1844) Type n. v.

= Anemone bauhinii Risso , Flore de Nice: 7 (1844) Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.3): France, Nice “ Col de Villefranche prairies ”. Collector unknown. Reçu au Muséum [Paris] en 1955 (lecto. P!) [ P 02467502 ] .

= Anemone bauhinii var. alba Risso View in CoL , Flore de Nice: 7 (1844) Type n. v.

= Anemone bauhinii var. ferruginea Risso , Flore de Nice: 7 (1844) Type n. v.

= Anemone lepida Jord. View in CoL , Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 vol. 7: 427 (1861) Neotype designated here: France, Provence, “ Sous les oliviers, Grasse ” C. Bertrand s. n. 11 March 1906 (neo. P!) [ P 02695662 ].

≡ Anemone purpurata Jord. , Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 vol. 7: 427 (1861).

≡ Anemone hortensis var. lepida (Jord.) Ardoino, Fl. Anal. Alpes-mar.: 13 (1867).

≡ Anemone hortensis [forme] lepida (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud , Fl. France 1: 49 (1893), (nom. inval. See note 2).

= Anemone variata Jord. View in CoL , Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 vol. 7: 427 (1861) Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.12): France, “ Anemone versicolour, Grasse et Mouhans [Mouans-Sartoux] (Var) 1844. J-L. Hénon s. n. ex Herb. Al. Jordan 187, Herbier Bonaparte (stamp) ” (lecto. LY!) [LY 0049050]; isolectotype: France, “ Anemone versicolour J. , Grasse et Mouans (Var) 1844, M. Hénon, ex Herb. Al. Jordan 187 ” (isolecto. MPU!) [MPU 521442]; syntype: “ Anemone versicolour Jord. Cannes, Alpes Maritimes , rec. Loret, 1853, Jordan s. n. s. d. ex Herb. Al. Jordan 187 ” (syn. P!) [P 03181955]; syntype “ Anemone versicolour var. fl. rubro-pallida a Grasse (Var) in horto mea legi janvier 1853. Alexis Jordan 1853 ” (syn. NCY!) [NCY 0087143]; syntype “ Anemone versicolour Jord. Du Var mihi 29 Mai 1853 ” (syn. LY x 2!) [LY 0799593; LY 0799594]; syntype “ Anemone versicolour Jord. Cannes (Alpes Maritimes n Lorn 1853 ” (syn. LY!) [LY 0799587].

≡ Anemone hortensis var. variata (Jord.) Ardoino , Fl. Anal. Alpes-mar.: 13 (1867)

≡ Anemone hortensis [forme] variata (Jord.) Rouy and Foucaud , Fl. France 1: 49 (1893), (nom. inval. note 2).

= Anemone fulgens var. purpureo-violacea Boiss. Fl. Orient. 1: 12 (1867) Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.3): Turkey, “ Anemone formosa Const. View in CoL ” Constantinople [Istanbul], 1837, Aucher-Eloy 10 (lecto. P!) [ P 03180155 ] ; isolectotype: Turkey “ Byzantium ” Aucher-Eloy Pl. Orientales, Aucher-Eloy n. 10 (right-hand specimen isolecto. P!) [ P 03182168 ] ; syntype: Greece, “ Anemone stellata View in CoL entre Nisi [Messini] et Colomata [Kalamata] sur les bains Romains, Morée [Peloponnese] Gittard s. d. s. n. ” Herb. G-BOISS label. (syn. G!) [ G 00788455 ] SIB-457127/1 ; syntype: Greece, “ Anemone hortensis View in CoL b. Attica ”, Spruner s. d. s. n. (Herb. Fl. Orientalis G-BOISS label) (syn. G!) [ G 00788454 ] SIB-457126/1 ; syntype: “ Graecia . Mr W Spruner 1840 ” (syn. G!) [ G 00788446 ] SIB-457118/1 .

≡ Anemone pavonina var. purpureo-violacea (Boiss.) Halácsy , Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 5 (1900).

≡ Anemone hortensis subvar. purpureo-violacea (Boiss.) Hayek , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30: 319 (1924).

= Anemone stellata var. grandiflora Pons View in CoL , Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 30: lxxxii (1883) Provence, “ Le Bar, Mouans, Grasse , dans les cultures ”. Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.3): France, “ Le Bar quartier des vignes ” l’Abbé A. Pons s. n. 20 January 1881 (lecto. MPU!) [ MPU 532042 ] (see note 4 below) .

≡ Anemone hortensis subvar. grandiflora (Pons) Burnat View in CoL , Fl. Alp. Marit. 1: 13 (1892).

≡ Anemone hortensis [forme] grandiflora (Pons) Rouy and Foucaud View in CoL , Fl. France 1: 48 (1893), nom. inval. (see note 2 below).

≡ Anemone hortensis var. grandiflora (Pons) P. Graebn. View in CoL , Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson and Graebner] 5 (3): 8 (1935).

= Anemone stellata var. parviflora Pons View in CoL , Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 30: lxxxiii (1883) Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.3): France, Grasse, Le Bar, Mouans A. Pons s. n. Fevr-Avril 1880 (lecto. K!) [ K 003266312 ] .

≡ Anemone hortensis subvar. parviflora (Pons) Burnat View in CoL , Fl. Alp. Marit. 1: 13 (1892)

= Anemone pavonina var. occidentalis Luzzatto View in CoL , Arch. Bot. Sist. 9 (3–4): 208 (1933). Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.3): France, Basses Pyrenées, Gan , “ vignes des coteaux argileux ”, 20 April 1882, E. Doassans 4016 det. Dr Gina Luzzatto mihi, 24. 3. 1933 (lecto. P!) [ P 03182081 ]; (isolecto. BR!) [ BR 0000031559218 ]; (isolecto. P x 2!) [ P 00266532 ; P 02840556 ] ; syntype: (left specimen only): France, “ St. Pandelon in Vasconia ”, E. Camus 177 a, s. d. det. Dr Gina Luzzatto mihi 24. 3. 1933 (syn. P!) [ P 03182079 ] ; syntype: France, Basses Pyrenées, “ dans les vignes près Pau ” F. Schultz s. n. det. Dr Gina Luzzatto mihi 30. 1. 1933 (syn. B!) .

= Anemone pavonina f. decolorata Luzzatto , Arch. Bot. Sist. 9 (3–4): 208 (1933) Lectotype designated here (Art. 9.3): France, “ Anemone stellata Lam. View in CoL environs St Sever Dept. Dax, Landes comm. D. L. Dufour ” (the year 1868 no. 23 added later). Det. Dott. Gina Luzzatto, 24 March 1933. (lecto. P!) [ P 00266535 ] .

- Anemone stellata var. primigenia A. Gubler , Bull. Soc. Bot. France 8: 243 (1861) nom. nud.

Distribution and habitat.

Anemone hortensis var. hortensis is found in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, and Turkey in Europe and Anatolian Turkey, growing in open meadows or among shrubs, sometimes in woodland clearings from 200 to 1200 m. Ziman et al. (2011) noted the presence of seasonally dimorphic leaves in A. hortensis . In early spring they observed that trisected leaves occurred with only a few obtuse lobules, whereas in late spring more divided leaves emerged with numerous acute lobules. These authors also indicated that for A. coronaria , both basal and involucral leaves were much more finely divided and dissected throughout the growth cycle of the plant ( Ziman et al. 2011). Flowering in March and April. The forma regina (Risso) J. Compton (see below) with golden yellow or white at the base of each red or purple tepal, which collectively form the “ queen’s ” crown in the centre of the flower, is most frequently found (Fig. 2 C View Figure 2 ), whereas flowers which are entirely red or entirely purple are less common.

Note 1.

In the Foreword to “ Conspectus florae europaeae ”, Carl Fredrik Nyman stated, “ Subspecies, litteris minimis impressae, asterisco notantur; varietates linea longiora ante nomen ” [Subspecies printed in small letters are marked with an asterisk; varieties with a longer line before the name] ( Nyman 1878: Foreword). The correct combination at the rank of subspecies is therefore Anemone hortensis subsp. fulgens (DC.) Nyman.

Note 2.

Heywood ( Heywood 1958: 89–93) succinctly considered the status and application of the names of the infraspecific taxa included in Rouy and Foucaud’s “ Flore de France ” ( Rouy and Foucaud 1893 –1913). In our context this discussion is pertinent to the names provided by Rouy and Foucaud in vol. 1; highly relevant is their use of the term “ forme ”, which in their terminology denoted a rank intermediate between variety and subspecies i. e. above that of variety ( Rouy and Foucaud 1893: xi – xiii). They make it quite clear as to how they propose to use the term in their work: “ Ajoutons qu’il nous a paru nécessaire d’indiquer par des caractères typographiques différents la valeur plus ou moins grande des plantes au point de vue du groupe spécifique: espèces, sous-espèces, formes, variétés, sous-variétés.

Une innovation qui sera probablement remarquée, c’est la valeur que nous attribuons à la forme, que nous considérons ici comme synomyme de la race en horticulture ……. Nous estimons donc la forme d’un degré supérieur dans l’échelle de la classification à la variété ” ( Rouy and Foucaud 1893: xi). Art. 4.1 of the ICN states clearly that forma sits below the rank of varietas. Their usage of the term “ forme ” consequently contradicts both Art. 5.1 and Art. 37.6 of the ICN, and their unorthodox use of that term either for new names or for new combinations renders them invalid ( Turland et al. 2018).

Abel Albert and Émile Jahandiez, in their Catalogue of the plants of Var, a département in Provence, south-east France, clearly stated that they had followed Rouy’s unusual concept of the term “ forme ” ( Albert and Jahandiez 1908: xlii). Their combinations under that ranking are also therefore invalid ( Albert and Jahandiez 1908: 4).

Note 3.

In a short note Giovanni Francesco Re (1773–1833) included the name of Anemone latifolia coined by Carlo Bellardi (1741–1826) as well as part of his unpublished description, stating that the species was from uncultivated fields around Nice. A search for specimens of Bellardi’s collection in his Herbarium in Turin (TO) did not locate any original material (Guglielmone pers. comm.). Many of his specimens have been either damaged or lost; however, there is a reference cited by Bellardi to the Swiss herbalist Dominique Chabrey (1610–1667): “ Anemone latifolia ex coccineo phaenicei coloris, unguibus parvis subpallidus Chabr. sciagr. p. 462 ” [ Anemone with broad leaves and Phoenician red-coloured flowers, with small paler claws]. Chabrey’s description includes an illustration of a simple flowered plant with eight tepals under that name, which can serve as the lectotype for the name Anemone latifolia Bellardi ex Re.

Note 4.

The Abbé Alexandre Pons included the statement “ Selon nous, cette espèce comprend deux variétés ou races bien distinctes ” ( Pons 1883: lxxxii). Although his reference to “ races ” does not fit the use of the accepted terms in the terminology of botanical ranks according to Art. 4 of the ICN ( Turland et al. 2018), the use of the term variété for variety is acceptable (Art. 4.1).