Pyrophanes Olivier 1885

Pyrophanes Olivier 1885 View in CoL

( Figs. 1 View FIGURE 1 −76)

Pyrophanes Olivier, 1885: 368 View in CoL ; 1886: 132; 1902: 72; 1907: 56; 1911: 102. McDermott, 1964: 46; 1966: 116. Ballantyne, 1968: 106, 107, Fig. 15 View FIGURES 11–17 ; 1987b: 173–176. Ballantyne in Calder, 1998: 180. Ballantyne & McLean 1970: 234. Ballantyne & Lambkin, 2000: 70, Figs. 26, 27 View FIGURES 26-32 ; 2009: Figs. 94, 95, 106, 107, 503, 509; 2013: 111 Figs. 221−227.

Type species: Pyrophanes similis Olivier View in CoL , designated by McDermott, 1966: 116.

Diagnosis. Pyrophanes belongs to a group of seven Luciolinae genera (the others being Australoluciola Ballantyne , Colophotia Dejean , Medeopteryx Ballantyne , Poluninius Ballantyne , Pteroptyx Olivier and Trisinuata Ballantyne ). Males of these seven genera are characterized by: an elongate slender aedeagus with LL concealed behind the ML (when the specimen is viewed from beneath); pronotal width less than width across the elytral humeri; parallel-sided elytra; aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across the middle, with posterior half of sternite tapering evenly towards a narrow entire apex. Pyrophanes males are distinguished from all other genera by the combination of a curved and slightly asymmetrical aedeagus (the curvature is in both the ML and LL), an MFC, ‘bulbous’ paraprocts on the aedeagal sheath which partially enfold the sheath sternite at the sides; no deflexed elytral apices; femora 3 are swollen and curved in four of the seven species; the posterior margin of V7 is trilobed, with incurving lobes and small pointed projections bearing hairs dorsally and lying between the short PLP and MPP; the underside of T8 has depressions at the sides usually housing very short spines and hairs. Females are macropterous and the bursa in certain species has wide paired plates. Males range from 5.3–8.9 mm long. Larvae lack laterally explanate tergal margins in Py. similis ( sensu Blair, 1927 ; Bertrand, 1972, 1973). This larva is not however reliably associated and an accurate identification of larval type for this genus is not available.

Male. Pronotum ( Figs. 3, 5 View FIGURES 3-10 , 24 View FIGURES 18-25 , 33 View FIGURES 33-39 , 40 View FIGURES 40-46 , 47 View FIGURES 47-53 , 54 View FIGURES 54-64 ): W/L 1.5–1.6; L/EL 0.18– 0.36; L/BL 0.15–0.26; dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas (1) and longitudinal groove in lateral areas (2); punctation dense (3); anterior margin not explanate (6); lateral margins diverging posteriorly along most of their length (C>A, B), or lateral margins wider across middle (B>A, C); width <humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse; lateral margins without indentation at mid-point, and sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane; without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner, and irregularities at corner; posterolateral corners rounded obtuse or angulate, if angulate approximately 90° and inclined at 90° to the median line; posterolateral corners not usually projecting as far as median posterior margin; separated from it by scarce emarginations.

Hypomera: closed; median area of hypomeron not elevated in vertical direction; median area more widely flattened than elsewhere; pronotal width/ GHW 1.2–1.5.

Elytron ( Figs. 3, 5, 8, 9 View FIGURES 3-10 , 21, 23 View FIGURES 18-25 , 33 View FIGURES 33-39 , 40, 42 View FIGURES 40-46 , 47, 49 View FIGURES 47-53 , 54, 57, 59, 63, 64 View FIGURES 54-64 , 73): lateral margins parallel-sided; apices not deflexed; punctation dense (34, 35), not linear (36), not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; epipleuron and sutural ridge extend beyond mid-point almost to apex but not extending around apex, neither thickened in apical half; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent; in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus; viewed from above anterior margin of epipleuron arises level with or anterior to posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra.

Head ( Figs. 7, 10 View FIGURES 3-10 , 24, 25 View FIGURES 18-25 , 34, 35 View FIGURES 33-39 , 55, 56, 58, 60, 62 View FIGURES 54-64 , 74): gently depressed between eyes; small head not well exposed in front of pronotum, and capable of partial retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes wide to moderate separation beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex; eyes above labrum close to moderately separated (GHW/SIW = 2.5–5.0); frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed, not visible in resting head position; antennal sockets on head between eyes, not contiguous, separated by <ASW or ASW; clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum reach inner edges of closed mandibles. Mouthparts: functional; apical labial palpomere flattened, shaped like short broad triangle (wide at base and L subequal to W), with inner edge entire, and less than half as long as apical maxillary palpomere. Antennae ( Figs. 7 View FIGURES 3-10 , 25 View FIGURES 18-25 , 34, 35 View FIGURES 33-39 , 50 View FIGURES 47-53 , 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 View FIGURES 54-64 , 74; Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 26i View FIGURES 26-32 ) 11 segmented; length>GHW up to twice GHW; in all but Py. elongata sp. nov. FS1 subequal in length to pedicel; median area of FS 1 may be expanded or outer angle may be produced; FS4 may be expanded at anterior apical angle; all FS including FS 1 longer than wide and not expanded laterally or at their apices in Py. elongata sp. nov.

Legs ( Figs. 4, 6, 8, 10 View FIGURES 3-10 , 18, 22 View FIGURES 18-25 , 34 View FIGURES 33-39 , 41, 43 View FIGURES 40-46 , 48, 50 View FIGURES 47-53 , 56, 58, 60, 61 View FIGURES 54-64 ; Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 26 h View FIGURES 26-32 ): with inner tarsal claw entire; with MFC; femora 3 swollen and curved and tibiae 3 curved in several species; no basitarsi expanded or excavated.

Abdomen ( Figs. 4, 10 View FIGURES 3-10 , 11−14, 17 View FIGURES 11–17 , 22 View FIGURES 18-25 , 26−30 View FIGURES 26-32 , 34, 36, 37 View FIGURES 33-39 , 41, 44, 45, 46 View FIGURES 40-46 , 48, 51−53 View FIGURES 47-53 , 55, 56, 58, 60 View FIGURES 54-64 , 66, 67, 74− 76; Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 26 a View FIGURES 26-32 ̄d; 2013 Fig. 221): without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath (131, 132); no ventrites with curved posterior margins, nor extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of anterior segment (106–108). V6 with LO present, occupying almost ventrite surface. V7 with LO bipartite, occupying at least half the surface of ventrite, and reaching to sides and sometimes into the PLP, and fat body extending between inner posterior corners of LO and extending into MPP (LO thus appear joined at their inner posterior corners); LO halves well separated in middle, with this area usually slightly depressed and appearing trough-like; posterior margin of V7 trisinuate with symmetrical MPP, apex of which is shallowly emarginate, not laterally compressed, MPP short or slightly longer than wide (L<W or L>W), except in Py. elongata sp. nov. where it is much longer than the PLP and very broad at its base; MPP not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T8 apex; PLP short, subequal in length to MPP but narrower and apically rounded; paired incurving lobes occur along posterior margin just inside the PLP, lobes bearing dense profusion of hairs along their anterior margins; along the posterior margin of V7 between the incurving lobes and the MPP are paired very short projections which are rounded or pointed and may carry a dense clump of very short hairs on the dorsal surface. T8 well sclerotised, symmetrical, W=L, visible posterior area narrowing gently, median posterior margin emarginate; T8 widest across middle with lateral margins tapering evenly in posterior direction except in Py. similissima sp. nov. where the margins are straight and converge slightly posteriorly; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V7 nor MPP (133, 134), extending moderately beyond posterior margin of V7; with well defined median longitudinal trough margined laterally by well defined ridges which are prolonged into slender short apically acute flanges at their inner anterior angles (except in Py. elongata sp. nov. and Py. similis ; ridges margined laterally by well defined depressed areas containing short spines in the anterior half and hairs in the posterior half (except in Py. elongata sp. nov.), hairs and spines sparsely distributed in Py. semilimbata ; concealed anterolateral arms of T8 as long as or slightly shorter than visible posterior portion of T8, not laterally emarginated before their origins, dorsoventral expansions absent, expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin and ventrally directed pieces (217); lateral margins of T8 not enfolding sides of V7 (190); T7 without prolonged anterolateral corners.

Aedeagal sheath: ( Figs. 15 View FIGURES 11–17 ̄17, 27, 28, 51, 53, 70̄72) symmetrical; approx. 3 times as long as wide; with paraprocts which envelop the sheath sternite from the sides; symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex; anterior half of sternite relatively narrow, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite; tergite without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T9, anterior margin without transverse band.

Aedeagus: ( Figs. 15 View FIGURES 11–17 ̄17, 27, 28, 31, 32, 38, 39, 52, 53, 68̄72; Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 26 e View FIGURES 26-32 ̄g) L/W 3–4, except in Py. elongata sp. nov. where the L/W is 7/1; asymmetrical due to curvature of both ML and LL; apices of LL not visible from beneath at sides of ML, LL/ML narrow; LL of equal length, shorter than ML, contiguous along inner dorsal margins with apices very narrow and separated by less than 1/2 their dorsal length (b/ a= 0.8 approximately; 0. 9 in Py. elongata sp. nov.); dorsal base of LL symmetrical, evenly excavated; LL without lateral hairy appendages along their outer ventral margins, not produced preapically nor narrowly on inner apical margin, apices of LL very narrow, not inturned, nor out-turned; without projection on left LL; inner margins without slender leaf-like projection; ML asymmetrical, without paired lateral teeth and tooth to left side, apex not shaped like arrowhead, not bulbous, not inclined ventrally; BP not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin.

Female ( Figs. 18−20 View FIGURES 18-25 ). Macropterous.

Pronotum: without irregularities in posterolateral areas; punctation moderate to dense; pronotal width less than humeral width; without indentation of lateral margin, irregularities at posterolateral corner; outline similar to that of male.

Elytra: subparallel-sided, punctation not as large as that of pronotum, nor evenly spaced; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent.

Legs: no legs or parts thereof swollen and /or curved.

Abdomen: LO in V6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V7; median posterior margin of V7 widely emarginate, median area not broadly rounded; median posterior margin of V8 entire. Bursa plates ( Figs. 19, 20 View FIGURES 18-25 ; Ballantyne & Lambkin 2013 Fig. 222) consisting of 2 wide paired plates; median oviduct plate small (not investigated in all species).

Larva. Not reliably associated.

List of species

Pyrophanes appendiculata Olivier 1885

Pyrophanes beccarii Olivier 1885

Pyrophanes elongata Ballantyne sp. nov.

Pyrophanes quadrimaculata Olivier 1886

Pyrophanes semilimbata ( Olivier 1883)

Pyrophanes similis Olivier 1885

Pyrophanes similisimma Ballantyne sp. nov.

Key to species of Pyrophanes Olivier View in CoL using males

1. Hind femora not strongly swollen or curved; tibiae 3 not strongly curved, not expanded at apex ( Figs. 34 View FIGURES 33-39 , 48 View FIGURES 47-53 , 56, 58, 60 View FIGURES 54-64 )... 2

- Hind femora swollen and curved; tibiae 3 strongly curved, strongly expanded at apex ( Figs. 6, 8, 10 View FIGURES 3-10 , 18, 22 View FIGURES 18-25 , 41, 43 View FIGURES 40-46 , 74).... 4

2. Elytra brown with lateral sutural margins narrowly paler ( Figs. 47, 49, 50 View FIGURES 47-53 )........................ semilimbata (Olivier) View in CoL

- Elytra pale yellowish with apical half or less dark brown ( Figs. 33 View FIGURES 33-39 , 54, 57, 63, 64 View FIGURES 54-64 ).................................. 3

3. V7 with MPP much longer and wider than PLP ( Figs. 34, 36 View FIGURES 33-39 )..................................... .. elongata sp. nov.

- V7 with MPP short (L = W) and subequal in length to PLP ( Figs. 55, 56, 58, 60 View FIGURES 54-64 )......................... similis Olivier View in CoL

4. Elytra medium to dark brown, often with lateral and sutural margins semitransparent and pale ( Figs. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 View FIGURES 3-10 , 21, 23 View FIGURES 18-25 )... 5

- Elytra dingy or pale, clear yellow, always with apex dark brown to black; base of elytra may be brown ( Figs. 40, 42 View FIGURES 40-46 )....... 6

5. Elytra medium to dark brown, lateral margin and sutural margin, yellow, often appearing semitransparent ( Figs. 3, 5, 9 View FIGURES 3-10 )........................................................................................ appendiculata Olivier View in CoL

- Elytra medium to dark brown, without paler margins; if any margins paler then.. elytra very dark brown not semitransparent, and lateral and sutural margins narrowly paler only in basal 1/3 ( Figs. 21, 23 View FIGURES 18-25 ).......................... beccarii Olivier View in CoL

6. Elytra with apical and basal dark markings ( Figs. 40, 42 View FIGURES 40-46 ).................................... quadrimaculata Olivier View in CoL

- Elytra with dark brown area restricted to apex (Fig. 73)....................................... similisimma View in CoL sp.nov.