Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr.

8. Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr. View in CoL — Fig. 8 View Fig ; Map 6 View Map 6

Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr. (1912) View in CoL 384; Pax & K.Hoffm. (1914) 49; Merr. (1920) 558; (1923) 429; Whitmore (1973) 70, f. 2. — Sapium subrotundifolium Elmer (1910) View in CoL 930 (‘ subrotundifolia ’). — Type: Elmer 12349 (holo PNH lost; iso A,BISH, G, GH, HBG, K, L, NY,US), Philippines, Sibuyan, Capiz Prov., Magallanes ( Mt Giting-Giting ).

Blumeodendron calophyllum Airy Shaw (1965) View in CoL 309; (1971) 518; Whitmore (1973) 70, f. 2; Airy Shaw (1975) 58. — Type: S (Brunig) 8867 (holo K; iso L), Sarawak, Bintulu Dist., Niah-Jelalong primary forest.

Blumeodendron subcaudatum Merr. (1920) View in CoL 557; (1923) 429. — Lectotype (designated here): FB ( Sherfesee, Cenabre & Cortes) 21075 (holo K; iso A, US), [ Philippines,] Samar.

Trees, to 50 m high, bole to 25 m high, dbh to 91 cm; bole sometimes fluted or with low buttresses up to 1.5 m, out c. 1.5 m, c. 2.5 cm thick; flowering branches 3 (staminate)–28 (pistillate) mm diam, generally round, with orange lepidote hairs, early glabrescent, internodes up to c. 5 cm. Outer bark brown to yellow-brown to grey-brown to yellow-grey to grey (to greyish green), fissured to scaly to flaky, soft, lenticellate, 1–3 mm thick; inner bark red, light or reddish brown or dark brown with yellow and light brown spots (laminated), hard; 8–10 mm thick; sometimes exudate reported, red, watery; sapwood cream to white (with pinkish tinge radially), yellow or light reddish brown, very hard; heartwood brown. Leaves alternate to subopposite to in pseudo-whorls; petiole 2.4–18.5 cm long, diam of thinnest part 1–15 mm, round, basal pulvinus 2 –20 mm diam, fast fading orange lepidote hairs; blade elliptic, 6.2–46 by 3–22 cm, length/width ratio 1.2–3.1, coriaceous (slightly bendable) to very coriaceous (breaking), symmetric, glabrous, base emarginate to rounded to cuneate, margin recurved, apex acuminate (to cuspidate), both surfaces smooth, extrafloral nectaries on both surfaces along midrib c. 2–26, along margin c. 8–20, adaxial surface usually drying shiny brown, abaxial surface lighter dull brown; venation: marginal vein indistinct, secondary nerves pinnate, 3–4(–11) pairs, sometimes very parallel, at c. 52° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves raised below, perpendicular to midrib and/ or only to secondary nerves, higher order nerves indistinct. Inflorescences cauliflorous, ramiflorous to axillary, c. 0.1 cm diam, staminate ones often paired, up to 4.5 cm long, pistillate ones single, up to 2.3 cm long, rachis thickening during fruit set to c. 4 mm, peduncle c. 1.3 cm long, brown; bracteoles triangular, c. 0.5 by 0.2 cm, margin undulate; lepidote hairs orange. Flowers pale yellow to yellow-green to yellowish tinged pink to (greenish) red. Staminate flowers 5–6 mm diam; pedicel 3–25 mm long, brown; buds 1.5–5 mm diam; sepals 2–3, ovate, 4–5.5 by 3–5 mm; disc lobes yellow; stamens 25–40, yellow, filaments 1.5–3 mm long, anthers 0.4–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers not seen; sepals 4–5, c. 1.5 by 2.2 mm; ovary 2–3-locu- lar, dull sordidly purple; style c. 1 mm long, sturdy, stigmas c. 2.5 mm long, recurved, greenish. Fruits capsular, subglobular (smaller) to ovoid (larger), 3.5–6 cm wide by 2.9–4.5 cm high, green (unripe) to yellow to orange-yellow (or red); pedicel c. 1.5 cm long, to c. 0.8 cm diam, abscission zone in the middle; wall 2– 4 mm thick, dark brown when dry, margin slightly thickened, but without ridges, surface knobbly; endocarp enclosing two or more seeds; stigma mostly persistent. Seeds bean-like to flattened at one side, 2.3–3.4 by 1.6–2.4 by 1.1–1.3 cm, attached in middle; sarcotesta cream to purple.

Distribution — Peninsular Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.

Habitat & Ecology — Mixed lowland dipterocarp forest, evergreen forest, gallery (Emperan) forest, peat swamp forest, to mossy submontane forest, along logging roads; soil sandy loam, sandy clay, clayey loam, alluvial soil, bedrock: sandstone. Altitude: sea level to 1200 m. Flowering: March–November; fruiting: January,April–November. Fallen seeds/fruits are eaten by birds and animals (e.g., pigs).

Vernacular names — Malay Peninsula: Gaham badak; Kaum Bada. Sumatra: Babak; Basi; Madang soenting; Makoera; Mamboeloeh;Medang koenik;Oendal;Sikoe kaloeang;Tendal(Malay); Toetoen sijeureuh, Toetoen sijeureuh etem, Toetoen sijeureuh pajo. Borneo: Anambas & Natuna Islands: Medang keladi; Kalimantan: Duhat (Malay); Kahingai; Sibau; Sarawak: Bantas, Bantas belulang (Iban); Belulang; Berti-an (Kenyah); Empungan (Malay Sarikei); Marahbulan; Ngisigi (Land Dayak); Teku (Malay). Philippines: Halilimokon ( Samar); Mangamit.

Notes — 1. Blumeodendron subrotundifolium resembles B. kurzii in leaf-shape, colour of dried leaves and leaf texture. However, the leaves do not arise in whorls from thickened nodes. Also, the inflorescences are generally longer than the almost fasciculate ones of B. kurzii .

2. Blumeodendron calophyllum is added here as a synonym of B. subrotundifolium . Most specimens can easily be divided over both species as they look spectacularly different. Small, coriaceous leaves with slender petioles and more axillary smaller fruits are present in typical B. subrotundifolium , while much larger, very coriaceous (not bendable) leaves with thick petioles and cauliflorous large fruits are found in B. calophyllum . However, quite a number of specimens bridge the gap between both typical forms (see Table 1). Both forms are generally high trees with (very) coriaceous leaves on relatively long petioles, which are dry dark shiny brown above and dull brown underneath. Leaf sizes also vary strongly in B. kurzii , a species with which B. subrotundifolium was often confused.