Portuninae Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily Portuninae Rafinesque, 1815 View in CoL

Eodemus aff. hastatoides #

Xiphonectes aff. hastatoides View in CoL — Wong et al. 2021: 43, fig. 74, pl. 14D.

Remarks: The form previously reported as “ X. aff. hastatoides ” from local seas (by Wong et al. 2021) is recognized as a previously undescribed species based on morphological and molecular approaches. Report of which is currently under preparation by Yu-Hsuan Huang ( Academia Sinica , Taiwan) and colleagues. See Remarks under E. subtilis below.

Eodemus pseudohastatoides ( Yang & Tang, 2006) View in CoL #

Portunus pseudohastatoides View in CoL — Wong et al. 2010b: 676, figs. 1E–N, 2E, F.

Xiphonectes pseudohastatoides View in CoL — Wong et al. 2021: 43, fig. 75, pl. 14E; Nguyen and Ng 2021: 396, figs. 5A, B, 6F.

Taxonomy: Yang and Tang (2006: as Portunus View in CoL ), Wong et al. (2010b: as Portunus View in CoL ), Koch et al. (2015: as Xiphonectes View in CoL ), Nguyen and Ng (2021: as Xiphonectes View in CoL ), Koch et al. (2022).

Type: Holotype ò BNHM J204128 View Materials and paratypes in BNHM.

Type locality: Longmen, Guangxi, China.

Distribution: South China Sea and East Asia: northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam, South and East China and west coast of Taiwan ( Koch et al. 2015).

Habitat: Subtidal; substrates of fine sand, muddy sand or shell fragments; depths 7 to 100 m ( Yang et al. 2012).

Remarks: Swimming crabs previously of the genus Xiphonectes (or Portunus (Xiphonectes) had been shown to be heterogeneous by morphological and molecular approaches ( Spiridonov et al. 2014; N Evans 2018), and eventually revised, with description of four new genera by Koch et al. (2022). Among local taxa previously as Xiphonectes (see Wong et al. 2021), X. pulchricristatus ( Gordon, 1931) , was placed under the Lupocyclinae (see above), whereas X. pseudohastatoides ( Yang & Tang, 2006) , X. subtilis Nguyen & Ng, 2021 and X. unidens ( Laurie, 1906) retained in Portuninae under Eodemus , and X. tuberculosus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861) under Incultus ( Koch et al. 2022) .

Eodemus subtilis ( Nguyen & Ng, 2021) View in CoL #

Amphitrite hastatoides — Stimpson 1858a: 38; Stimpson 1907: 78. Neptunus (Amphitrite) hastatoides View in CoL — Miers 1886: 175. Neptunus (Hellenus) hastatoides View in CoL — Alcock 1899: 38; Gordon 1931:

527; Shen 1940a: 220. Portunus (Achelous) hastatoides View in CoL — Gee 1926: 161 [list]. Portunus hastatoides View in CoL — Stephenson and Rees 1967: 27.? Portunus hastatoides View in CoL — Shin and Thompson 1982: app. [part?];

RSS Wu 1982: tab. 1 [part]; Thompson and Shin 1983: tab. 4

[part?]; SY Lee and Leung 1999: 78 [part?]; Blackmore and

Rainbow 2000: app. 1 [part?]; SY Lee et al. 2000: tab. 3 [part?].? Portunus longispinosus bidens — Ong Che and Morton 1991: tab. 1. Portunus hastatoides — Wong et al. 2010b: 671, figs. 1A–D, 2A, B,

6C, D [part?]. Xiphonectes species — Wong et al. 2021: 43, fig. 77, pl. 15A. Xiphonectes subtilis — Nguyen & Ng, 2021: 395, figs. 2B, C, 3C, D, G,

H, 4C, D, 6C, D.

Taxonomy: Yang and Tang (2006: as P. hastatides ), Nguyen and Ng (2021: as Xiphonectes ).

Type: Holotype ò ZRC 2003.0527 View Materials and paratype ñ in ZRC.

Type locality: Teluk Tarempa, Anambas, Indonesia.

Distribution: West Pacific: South China Sea to Taiwan and Japan, Indonesia and Australia ( Nguyen and Ng 2021).

Habitat: Subtidal; substrates of fine sand, muddy sand, soft mud or of shell fragments; depths 7 to 100 m ( Yang et al. 2012).

Remarks: Three Eodemus species (previously as Xiphonectes ) are common in local shallow-water habitats, and at least four forms are sampled from local trawl surveys: X. dayawanensis (now E. unidens , see below), X. aff. hastatoides (yet described), X. pseudohastatoides , and “ X. species” ( Wong et al. 2021). These species were previously confounded under local records of “ Portunus hastatoides ” ( Wong et al. 2010 b 2021). Inspecting images of one of the syntypes of Portunus hastatoides Fabricius, 1798 , Wong et al. (2010b) noted local material using this name might not be conspecific with the “real” X. hastatoides , and the local forms having the median frontal lobes less protruding than lateral lobes, comprise X. subtilis and “ X. aff. hastatoides ” ( Wong et al. 2021) . Recently, this issue was partially resolved by Nguyen and Ng (2021), who concluded X. hastatoides sensu stricto distributing from central Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia. The local form as “ X. species”, distribution range of which spanning along the West Pacific, was described as X. subtilis ( Nguyen and Ng 2021; now Eodemus ).

Eodemus unidens ( Laurie, 1906) View in CoL #

? Portunus hastatoides View in CoL — Thompson and Horikoshi 1982: tab. 1 [part?].

? Portunus trilobatus — Davie 1992b: tab. 1 [not P. (X.) trilobatus Stephenson, 1972 ].

Portunus dayawanensis View in CoL — Wong et al. 2010b: 674, figs. 1E–I, 2C, D.

Xiphonectes dayawanensis View in CoL — Wong et al. 2021: 41, fig. 73, pl. 14C.

Xiphonectes unidens View in CoL — Nguyen and Ng 2021: 397, figs. 5D–H, 6G, H, 7.

Taxonomy: Chen (1986: as Portunus dayawanensis View in CoL ), Wong et al. (2010 b: as P. dayawanensis View in CoL ), Yang et al. (2012: as P. dayawanensis View in CoL ), Nguyen and Ng (2021: as Xiphonectes View in CoL ).

Type: Holotype ò NHM 1907.5.22.309 ( Nguyen and Ng 2021).

Type locality: Gulf of Manaar, Sri Lanka.

Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean to South China Sea and East Asia: Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Gulf of Thailand, to South China ( Nguyen and Ng 2021).

Habitat: Subtidal; substrates sandy or gravelly, or of shell fragments, depths to around 20 m (local records from Tolo Channel, where the species is common).

Remarks: Davie (1992b) was correct in pointing out many past local records of “ P. hastatoides ” represented, or included the present species, a form bearing three frontal lobes instead of four, then listed as P. trilobatus Stephenson, 1972 (b) (type locality Sumatra, Indonesia). This form was later recorded as P. dayawanensis Chen, 1986 ( Wong et al. 2010 b 2021), a species described from Daya Bay, Guangdong. Revising the Xiphonectes hastatoides species complex, Nguyen and Ng (2021) recently demonstrated several Indo-Pacific forms sharing a tri-lobed front, including Neptunus (Hellenus) tweediei Shen, 1937 , P. trilobatus and P. dayawanensis , being junior synonyms of N. (H.) hastatoides var. unidens Laurie, 1906 (now as Eodemus unidens ), a decision we herein follow.