Procladius crassinervis ( Zetterstedt, 1838 )

Procladius crassinervis ( Zetterstedt, 1838) View in CoL

Tanypus crassinervis Zetterstedt, 1838 View in CoL — Zetterstedt (1838), Sweden, adult male, adult female, description.

Tanypus crassinervis Zetterstedt, 1838 View in CoL — Zetterstedt (1850), Sweden, adult male, adult female, description.

Tanypus culiciformis ( Linnaeus, 1767) — Johannsen (1905), United States, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.

Tanypus pectinatus Kieffer, 1909 View in CoL — Kieffer (1909), Germany, adult male, key, description.

Protenthes culiciformis ( Linnaeus, 1767) — Malloch (1915), United States, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, key, illustrations.

Trichotanypus pectinatus ( Kieffer, 1909) — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.

Trichotanypus pectinatus ( Kieffer, 1909) — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.

Trichotanypus pectinatus ( Kieffer, 1909) — Goetghebuer (1927), France and Germany, adult male, key, description.

Procladius bifasciatus Goetghebuer, 1936 View in CoL — Goetghebuer & Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer & Lenz (1936b), Belgium, adult male, key, description, illustrations.

Procladius cinereus Goetghebuer, 1936 View in CoL — Goetghebuer & Lenz (1936a), Belgium, adult male, key, description, illustration.

Procladius signatus ( Zetterstedt, 1850) View in CoL — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key.

Procladius crassinervis ( Zetterstedt, 1838) View in CoL — Coe (1950), Scotland, adult male, key, illustration.

Procladius crassinervis ( Zetterstedt, 1838) View in CoL — Roback (1966b), Sweden, adult male, description, illustration.

Procladius abetus Roback, 1971 View in CoL — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, adult female, description, illustrations.

Procladius culiciformis ( Linnaeus, 1767) View in CoL — Roback (1971), Sweden, adult male, key, description, illustration.

Procladius culiciformis ( Linnaeus, 1767) View in CoL — Roback (1971), England, adult male in part, description, illustrations.

Procladius abetus Roback, 1971 View in CoL — Roback (1980), Canada, adult male, pupa, key, description, photos, illustrations.

Procladius freemani View in CoL group sp. 6— Roback (1980), Canada, adult male, pupa, key, description, photos, illustrations.

Procladius choreus ( Meigen, 1804) View in CoL — Sasa & Kawai (1987), Japan, adult male, illustration.

Procladius choreus ( Meigen, 1804) View in CoL —Sasa & Kikushi (1995), Japan, adult male, key, illustrations.

Procladius choreus ( Meigen, 1804) View in CoL — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Japan, adult male.

Procladius culiciformis ( Linnaeus, 1767) View in CoL — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male in part, description, illustrations.

Procladius paragretis Roback, 1971 View in CoL — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.

Procladius culiciformis ( Linnaeus, 1767) View in CoL — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), China, adult males, photos.

Procladius crassinervis ( Zetterstedt, 1838) View in CoL — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, adult females, photos.

Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, China, Japan, Pakistan and South Korea, adult males, adult females, photos.

? Procladius culiciformis ( Linnaeus, 1767) View in CoL — Saether (1977), Canada, adult female, key, illustration.

? Procladius paragretis Roback, 1971 View in CoL — Saether (1977), Canada, adult female, key.

? Procladius culiciformis ( Linnaeus, 1767) View in CoL — Saether (2010), Canada, adult female in part, pupa in part, larva in part, keys, descriptions, illustrations.

Material examined (n = 36). BELGIUM, 1 adult male (Syntype of P. bifasciatus, RBNS ), Namur district , Falaën, 50.28°N 4.80°E, 204 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 12.vi.1921, leg. M. Goetghebuer GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (Syntype of P. cinereus, RBNS ), Postel , 51.29°N 5.19°E, 40 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 11.vi.1923, leg. G. Severin GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male, (as Procladius sp. , RBNS), Lake Zillebekevijver , 50.84°N 2.92°E, 23 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 12.vii.1939, leg. M. Goetghebuer. GoogleMaps — CANADA, 1 adult male (Syntype of P. abetus, CNCC ), Alta , Wabamun, 53°N 114°W, 721 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 6.vii.1931, leg. F.H. Strickland GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (as P. culiciformis, FWIM ), Lake Winnipeg , Selkirk Island, 53.30°N 99.01°W, 217 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 30.vi.1969, leg. P.S.S. Chang GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (as P. paragretis, ZMBN ), Lake Winnipeg , Matheson Island, 51.76°N 96.89°W, 216 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 6.vii.1931, leg. P.S.S. Chang. GoogleMaps — CHINA, 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , NUCL), Yuyao , Siminghu Reservoir, 29.93°N 121.07°E, 27 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 21.vii.2011, leg. X. Lin GoogleMaps [ Barcode TANCH097-16 ] ; 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , NUCL), Yunhe , Xiaoshuncun, 28.20°N 119.64°E, 173 m a.s.l., +16 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.2012, leg. W. Liu GoogleMaps [ Barcode TANCH123-16 ] ; 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , NUCL), Lishui , Yunhe, 28.12°N 119.57°E, 131 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.2012, leg. X. Lin GoogleMaps [ Barcode TANCH182-16 ] ; 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , NUCL), Kaihua , Qianjiangyuan, 29.10°N 118.40°E, 120 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 31.vii.2012, leg. X. Lin GoogleMaps [ Barcode TANCH131-16 ] ; 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , NUCL), Huguan , Taihang Mountain, 35.93°N 113.61°E, 645 m a.s.l., +12 °C m.a.t., 11.x.2014, leg. C. Song GoogleMaps [ Barcode TANCH155-16 ] ; 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , NUCL), Xiangxiang , Maohushuixiang, 27.75°N 112.52°E, 52 m a.s.l., +16 °C m.a.t., 6.v.2015, leg. C. Song GoogleMaps [ Barcode TANCH100-16 ] ; 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , NUCL), Poyang , Niejia, 29.09°N 116.58°E, 27 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 12.v.2015, leg. C. Song GoogleMaps [ Barcode TANCH026- 16 ] .— CZECHIA, 4 adult males ( NHRS), Cheb , Vodni Nadrz Skalka Reservoir, 50.08°N 12.32°E, 439 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin and M. Gransberg. GoogleMaps — FINLAND, 2 adult males (as Procladius sp. , HECH), Lake Vanajavesi , Aidassaari, 61.17°N 24.08°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 10‒12.vii.1977, 17‒19.vii.1977, leg. P.H. Kansanen GoogleMaps ; 3 adult males (as Procladius . sp., HECH), Lake Vanajavesi , K-niemi, 61.20°N 24.10°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 12‒14.viii.1977, 18‒21.viii.1977, leg. P.H. Kansanen GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (as Procladius . sp., HECH), Lake Karvastenlahti , 61.16°N 24.03°E, 80 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 25.v.1978, leg. P.H. Kansanen GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male, Kiikala , Lake Tervakas, 60.49°N 23.70°E, 117 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 9.v.2023, leg. L. Paasivirta. GoogleMaps — FRANCE, 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , NHRS), Lake Remoray , 46.77°N 6.26°E, 850 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2019, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil. GoogleMaps — POLAND, 3 adult males ( LUIZ), Harcerska park, Spala, 51.54°N 20.14°E, 157 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 5‒ 9.vi.2007, leg. M. Płóciennik. GoogleMaps — SCOTLAND; 1 adult male (as P. choreus, USNM ), Arran Island , Lake Coire Fhionn Lochan, 55.66°N 5.34°W, 330 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 29.v.1919, leg. F.W. Edwards GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , USNM) Beinn Heasgarnich , 56.5°N 4.6°W, 950 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 11.vi.1939, leg. F.W. Edwards GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male ( BMNH), Lake Garten , 57.24°N 3.71°W, 238 m a.s.l, +7 °C m.a.t., 1947, leg. R. Coe GoogleMaps .— SWEDEN, 1 adult male (Lectotype of Tanypus crassinervis, ZMLU ), Lycksele , 64.6°N 18.7°E, 211 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 2.viii.1832, leg. J.W. Zetterstedt GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (as Procladius sp. , SLUU), Lake Mälaren , Västeråsfjärden, 59.55°N 16.55°E, 3 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., vii.1971 GoogleMaps , leg. T. Wiederholm ; 1 adult male ( NHRS), Lake Färnebofjärden , Östa, 60.17°N 16.80°E, 60 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2007, leg. Y. Brodin GoogleMaps ; 2 adult males ( NHRS), Valmbäcken rivulet and wetland, 60.30°N 16.84°E, 62 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 7.ix.2007, leg. A. Hagelin GoogleMaps [1 Barcoded ] .

Diagnostic characters. Figs. 19 View FIGURES 18‒19 , 31 View FIGURES 28‒31 , 80‒82 View FIGURES 80‒82 , key couplet 13. P. crassinervis has a long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of eight other species of Procladius in Europe. Of these, P. ferrugineus , P. fimbriatus , P. signatus and P. dentus are easily separated from P. crassinervis as evident from the illustrations of genitalia and several characters in the key and the helpdesk.

Identification of P. crassinervis is sometimes difficult as the strongly upward oriented gonostylus process is frequently deformed and appears much shorter on slides than in reality, e.g. in macerated specimens or if slide preparation is not meticulously done. Moving the microscope ocular upwards and downwards to find out where the base and the top of the gonostylus process appear sharp can reveal the strongly upward direction of the gonostylus process.

The GspR of P. crassinervis slighly overlaps that of P. frigidus (0.32‒0.39 versus 0.25‒0.33). P. crassinervis can easily be separated from P. frigidus by other characters, particularly the strongly upward oriented gonostylus process (30–60° versus 0‒20°) but also the number of median anepisternum setae (0 versus 5‒26) and antenna AR (1.6‒2.1 versus 2.2‒2.8). P. crassinervis is found in temperate climate with mean annual temperature ranging from +18 to +1 C°, while P. frigidus is mainly found in the Artic with mean annual temperature below 0 C°.

The GspR of P.crassinervis somewhat overlaps that of P.longistilus (0.32‒0.39 versus 0.25‒0.34).If overlapping, the species can usually be separated by the more strongly upward oriented gonostylus process of P. crassinervis (30–60° versus 0‒20°), the stronger gonostylus process divergence (40‒75° versus 5‒30°) and on average shorter body length (3.5‒5.1 mm versus 4.2‒5.7 mm).

P. crassinervis is sometimes difficult to distinguish from P. floralis . The GspR of P. crassinervis considerably overlaps that of P. floralis (0.32‒0.39 versus 0.28‒0.37). The species can usually be separated by a combination of characters. P. crassinervis has a more strongly upward oriented gonostylus process (30–60° versus 10‒30°), an on average broader gonostylus (GsmR 5.2‒5.9 versus 5.6‒6.8), a stronger gonostylus process divergence (40‒75° versus 30‒50°) and a lower length ratio between the gonostylus and the gonocoxite (0.47‒0.55 versus 0.53‒0.57).

The GspR of P.crassinervis substantially overlaps that of P.tatrensis (0.32‒0.39 versus 0.35‒0.43). P.crassinervis can be separated from P. tatrensis by several other characters, such as the number of median anepisternum setae (0 versus 7‒21), the more strongly upward oriented gonostylus process (30–60° versus 0‒20°) and wing length (2.4‒3.3 mm versus 3.5‒4.5 mm).

P. crassinervis has been identified under several other names, often because the gonostylus process has been deformed on slides. The name P. crassinervis has frequently been used for P. ferrugineus e.g. in the keys of adult males in Pinder (1978) and Langton & Pinder (2007). The female, pupal exuvia and larva have been briefly described. Barcodes of adult males and adult females are available.

Geographical distribution and ecology. In Europe P. crassinervis is found from France and Austria at latitude 47°N to northern Sweden at latitude 65°N . In Asia the species known distribution is more southern ranging from 28°N in mid China to 45°N in southern Russia and northern Japan. In Canada records are from 53°N .

The species has been found at altitudes ranging from 3 m to 950 m above sea level in Europe, with the highest point in Scotland . Records from northern Pakistan are at 1 370 m above sea level. Mean annual temperature at sites with records of P. crassinervis in Europe are from +10 to +1 ° C. In Asia and North America , the temperature range is from +18 °C in China to +1 °C in Canada.

Larvae of P. crassinervis inhabit shallow water in temporary inundated swamps, small ponds and lakes. Some findings are from deeper zones of lakes, down to at least 14 m depth, and from slowly floating water including a forest ditch. Most sites with records of larvae are mesotrophic, eutrophic to hypereutrophic, while a few records are from oligotrophic conditions. Adults are found from early June to mid-October.

Countries or autonomous regions with records of P. crassinervis in Europe are Austria, Belgium, Czechia, England, Finland, France, Germany, Lithuania, Russia, Scotland, Sweden and Switzerland. P. crassinervis is also present in Canada, China, Japan, Pakistan, Russia (Asia), South Korea and the United States.

References. Anikina 2009b; Brundin 1949; Coe 1950; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer & Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer & Lenz 1936b; Johannsen 1905; Kansanen 1985; Kieffer 1909; Kieffer 1918a; Kieffer 1924; Kim et al. 2012; Lundström et al. 2010; Malloch 1915; Meuche 1939; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Paasivirta 2014; Petrova & Zhirov 2014; Prat 1979; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1966b; Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Saether 2010; Sasa & Kawai 1987; Sasa & Kikushi 1995; Zetterstedt 1838.