Procladius lugubris ( Zetterstedt, 1850 )

Procladius lugubris ( Zetterstedt, 1850) View in CoL

Tanypus lugubris Zetterstedt, 1850 View in CoL — Zetterstedt (1850), Sweden, adult male, adult female, description.

Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 View in CoL — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key, illustration.

Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 View in CoL — Aagaard (1974), Norway, adult male, illustrations.

Procladius johnsoni Roback, 1980 View in CoL — Roback (1980), Canada, adult male, pupa, larva, descriptions, photos, illustrations.

Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 View in CoL — Omoku & Murray (1987), pupa, photo.

Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 View in CoL — Aagaard (1995), Norway, pupa, photo.

Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 View in CoL — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Norway and Canada, adult males, adult females, photos.

Material examined (n = 21). CANADA, 1 adult male (Holotype of P. johnsoni,ANSP ), Lake Muskoka , 45°N 79°W, 225 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 5.vi.1970, leg. M. Johnson. GoogleMaps — NORWAY, 2 adult males (as P. barbatus, NTNU ), Lake Målsjøen , 63.14°N 10.26°E, 166 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 26.v‒2.vi.1972, 30.v.1972, leg. K. Aagaard GoogleMaps ; 4 adult males (as Procladius sp. , NHRS), Caerro , Lake Isejavri, 69.67°N 24.21°E, 390 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 26.vi‒30.vii.1980, leg. K.J. Loine GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (as P. barbatus, NTNU ), below Baktejavri , small pond, Lebesby, 70.44°N 26.80°E, 80 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.2010, leg. T. Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode ARCHR092-11 ] GoogleMaps .— RUSSIA, 2 adult males (as P. barbatus, NHRS ), Lake Mojarets , 69.48°N 30.60°E, 193 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2006, leg. M. Pylvänäinen. GoogleMaps — SWEDEN, 1 adult male (Holotype of Tanypus lugubris, ZMLU ), Åreskutan , 63.4°N 13.0°E, 800 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 2.viii.1840, leg. J.W. Zetterstedt GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (as P. crassinervis, ZSMG ), Lake Vuolip Njahkajavri , 68.34°N 18.78°E, 409 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 1936, leg. A. Thienemann GoogleMaps ; 2 adult males (as P. barbatus, NHRS ), Lake Skären 57.10°N 14.52°E, 212 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 7.v.1946, 20.v.1947, leg. L. Brundin GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (Syntype of P. barbatus, NHRS ), Lake Kallsjön , 63.59°N 13.07°E, 381 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 14.vi.1946, leg. L. Brundin GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (Syntype of P. barbatus, NHRS ), Lake Mesvattnet , 64.84°N 14.13°E, 498 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 25.vi.1946, leg. A. Määr GoogleMaps ; 1 adult male (Syntype of P. barbatus, NHRS ), Lake Leipikvattnet , 64.87°N 14.20°E, 0 °C m.a.t., 448 m a.s.l., 6.vii.1946, leg. A. Määr GoogleMaps ; 4 adult males ( NHRS), Lake Stor-Björsjön , 63.61°N 12.23°E, 566 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 16‒23.vi.2019, leg. S. Persson GoogleMaps [2 Barcoded ] .

Diagnostic characters. Figs. 28 View FIGURES 28‒31 , 71‒73 View FIGURES 71‒73 , key couplet 11. P. lugubris has a medium long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of eight other species of Procladius in Europe. P. lugubris can easily be separated from seven of these species by several characters, particularly the low number of hind leg comb spines (6‒9 versus 10‒ 14), relatively short palpomere five (length/width 7.2‒8.5 versus 8.9‒12.2) and mostly higher antenna AR (2.5‒3.1 versus 1.6‒2.6).

It is not problematic to distinguish P. lugubris from the remaining species P. frigidus by characters such as gonostylus process divergence (25‒45° versus 10‒25°), front leg tarsi BR (5.5‒8 versus 3‒4.5), and the number of spines of the hind leg tibial comb (6‒9 versus 10‒14).

P. lugubris has been named P. barbatus for about seventy-five years. Examination of the well-preserved holotype of P. lugubris and syntypes of P. barbatus shows that the latter is a synonym.

The adult female and larva have been briefly described, while pupal exuvia in detail. Barcodes of adult males and adult females are available.

Geographical distribution and ecology. P. lugubris is a cold-adapted species present from the temperate boreal to the polar zone in northern Europe and Canada , including sites with mean annual temperature from +6 to ‒13 ° C. It has been found at an altitude ranging from 7 to 800 m above sea level. The southernmost findings in Europe are from Sweden at latitude 57°N, and in North America from Canada at latitude 45°N. The northernmost records are from sites at 70°N in the arctic northern Norway and northern Canada.

Larvae of P. lugubris are known from the profundal zones of freshwater lakes at water depths ranging from 5 to 110 m which is among the deepest record for larvae of Procladius . Almost all records of P. lugubris are from ultraoligotrophic to oligotrophic conditions, yet it has also been found in some mesotrophic polyhumic lakes. The rather unusual round form of the pupal respiratory organ of P. lugubris , as also of P. ferrugineus , might be an adaptation to deep water emergence. Pupae of the phantom midge Chaoborus flavicans ( Chaoboridae ) have been shown to have rounded respiratory organs in lakes with deep water, whereas rather narrow respiratory organs in shallow ponds.

Adults of P. lugubris have been collected from mid-May to late August along lakes or sometimes near small ponds in forests or tundra.

Countries with records of P. lugubris in Europe are Finland, Norway, Sweden and Russia. The species is also present in Canada.

References. Aagaard 1974; Aagaard 1978a; Aagaard 1978b; Aagaard 1995; Brundin 1949; Ekrem et al. 2018; Omoku & Murray 1987; Pentinsaari et al. 2020; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1980; Salmela et al. 2021; Thienemann 1954; Zetterstedt 1850.