Pareumenes, de Saussure, 1855

Updated checklist of the Afrotropical species of the genus Pareumenes

1. Pareumenes (Brachyparmenes) mirificus Selis , sp. nov.

2. Pareumenes (Brachyparmenes) punctatissimus Giordani Soika, 1987

3. Pareumenes (Brachyparmenes) rufoniger ( Gusenleitner, 2002) , comb. nov.

4. Pareumenes (Nortonia) enslini ( von Schulthess, 1931)

5. Pareumenes (Nortonia) laevis ( von Schulthess, 1903)

6. Pareumenes (Nortonia) mochii Giordani Soika, 1938

7. Pareumenes (Pareumenes) arabicus Giordani Soika, 1981 , stat. nov.

8. Pareumenes (Pareumenes) flavopetiolatus Giordani Soika, 1979 , stat. nov.

9. Pareumenes (Pareumenes) laetefasciatus Giordani Soika, 1944 , stat. nov.

10. Pareumenes (Pareumenes) laterorufofasciatus Giordani Soika, 1944 , stat. nov.

11. Pareumenes (Pareumenes) occidentalis Giordani Soika, 1944 , stat. nov.

12. Pareumenes (Pareumenes) sansibaricus ( Schulz, 1905)

Key to the subgenera and Afrotropical species of Pareumenes View in CoL View at ENA

1. Propodeal valvula short and not forming a lobe with submarginal carina ( Fig. 14A View FIGURE 14 ). T1 not angled basally, without transverse ridge ( Figs 1D View FIGURE 1 , 2D View FIGURE 2 , 14G–H View FIGURE 14 )...................................... 3, subgenus P. ( Brachyparmenes ) Giordani Soika

- Propodeal valvula long and forming a variably developed lobe together with submarginal carina ( Figs 14B–D View FIGURE 14 ). T1 distinctly angled at extreme base, with a marked transverse ridge ( Figs 4E View FIGURE 4 , 5E View FIGURE 5 , 6D View FIGURE 6 , 7D View FIGURE 7 , 8A View FIGURE 8 , 9E View FIGURE 9 , 10D View FIGURE 10 , 11E View FIGURE 11 , 12E View FIGURE 12 , 14P, Q View FIGURE 14 )........... 2

2. Pronotal carina absent on dorsal face ( Fig. 14E View FIGURE 14 ). Lateral carina of propodeum weakly sinuate or angled above valvula ( Figs 4D View FIGURE 4 , 5D View FIGURE 5 , 6C View FIGURE 6 ). Lobe of valvula and submarginal carina short, not markedly exceeding apex of propodeum ( Figs 14B, C View FIGURE 14 ). T1 bell-shaped with strongly diverging sides, about as long as apically wide ( Figs 4E View FIGURE 4 , 5E View FIGURE 5 , 6D View FIGURE 6 ).................................................................................................... 5, subgenus P. ( Nortonia View in CoL ) de Saussure

- Pronotal carina fine but well visible on dorsal face ( Fig. 14F View FIGURE 14 ). Lateral carina of propodeum forming a sharp triangular lobe above valvula, long and curved inward (except in P. laterorufofasciatus ). Lobe of valvula and submarginal carina long, strongly exceeding apex of propodeum ( Fig. 14D View FIGURE 14 ). T1 elongate and with weakly diverging sides, at least twice as long as apically wide ( Figs 7D View FIGURE 7 , 8A View FIGURE 8 , 9E View FIGURE 9 , 10D View FIGURE 10 , 11E View FIGURE 11 , 12E View FIGURE 12 )........................................7, subgenus P. ( Pareumenes View in CoL ) de Saussure

3. Whole body with dense deep punctures ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 ). Propodeum entirely rounded, lacking all carinae; posterior face of propodeum with long transverse striae originating from median carina ( Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ). T1 more elongate and subtriangular, with markedly converging sides ( Fig. 2D View FIGURE 2 ); T 1 in lateral view weakly convex basally ( Fig. 14G View FIGURE 14 ). Black with red markings on face and large yellow spots on propodeum............................................... P. (B.) punctatissimus Giordani Soika View in CoL

- Frons and pronotum with sparse shallow punctures, rest of body almost smooth, finely micropunctate with very sparse barely visible punctures ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ). Propodeum with short but distinct inferior carina just above valvula; posterior face of propodeum almost entirely smooth, median carina flanked by extremely short ridges ( Fig. 1C View FIGURE 1 ). T1 less elongate and parallel-sided ( Fig. 1D View FIGURE 1 ); T 1 in lateral view strongly convex basally, almost forming an anterior vertical face ( Fig. 14H View FIGURE 14 ). Different pattern, either black with dark red markings or red with extensive yellow markings on metasoma .................................. 4

4. Clypeus longer than wide ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 ). Outer margin of tegula evenly curved, apex of posterior lobe nearly right-angled; parategula basally right-angled and apically rounded. T2–T5 entirely black and opaque. S 2 in lateral view more convex in basal half than apically. Black with dark-red markings ( Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ).................................... P. (B.) rufoniger (Gusenleitner)

- Clypeus as long as wide ( Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 ). Outer margin of tegula sinuate and weakly concave in posterior half, apex of posterior lobe acute; parategula oblique and weakly expanded at apex. T2–T5 with decolorate and translucent apical area. S 2 in lateral view barely and evenly convex for whole length. Bright red with extensive yellow markings on metasoma ( Fig. 1A View FIGURE 1 )...................................................................................... P. (B.) mirificus Selis , sp. nov.

5. Clypeus distinctly longer than wide and flattened to shallowly depressed in ventral half; apical margin wider than interantennal space and subtruncate to shallowly emarginate, with lateral teeth blunt and pointing outwards ( Figs 5B, C View FIGURE 5 ). Vertex and gena not markedly convex, vertex not bulging in lateral view; in female, upper lobe of eye of usual size, about as long as gena behind it ( Fig. 14I View FIGURE 14 ). Propodeal valvula wide, widely rounded posteriorly ( Fig. 14C View FIGURE 14 ). S 2 in profile almost evenly convex from base to apex, with a barely visible longitudinal ridge near base. Black with few dark red markings, yellow markings reduced to interantennal spot and male clypeus ................................................ P. (N.) laevis (von Schulthess) View in CoL

- Clypeus about as long as wide; apical margin at most as wide as interantennal space and shallowly emarginate, with short but distinct subtriangular lateral teeth ( Figs 4B, C View FIGURE 4 , 6B View FIGURE 6 ). Vertex and gena convex, vertex somewhat bulging in lateral view; in female, upper lobe of eye small, much shorter than gena behind it ( Fig. 14J View FIGURE 14 ). Propodeal valvula narrow, almost pointed posteriorly ( Fig. 14B View FIGURE 14 ). S 2 in profile weakly but distinctly bulging basally, longitudinal ridge prominent and well visible. Different pattern.. 6

6. Lateral carina of propodeum very weakly sinuate apically, almost evenly rounded ( Fig. 6C View FIGURE 6 ). Apical margin of T2 decolorate and reflexed, almost lamellar ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 ). S 2 in profile more strongly bulging basally, longitudinal ridge limited to basal bulge. Almost completely impunctate, with some barely visible punctures on mesepisternum, dorsal faces of propodeum and S2 ( Figs 6A–D View FIGURE 6 ). Black with extensive yellow and bright red markings........................... P. (N.) mochii Giordani Soika View in CoL

- Lateral carina of propodeum distinctly sinuate or bluntly angled apically ( Fig. 4D View FIGURE 4 ). Apical margin of T2 flattened and not differentiated from the rest of the tergite ( Fig. 4E View FIGURE 4 ). S 2 in profile less strongly bulging basally, longitudinal ridge reaching middle of sternite. Clypeus with irregular longitudinal striation on ventral half ( Fig. 4B View FIGURE 4 ); small but well-defined punctures on propodeum and metasoma, larger and deeper on S2 ( Figs 4A–D View FIGURE 4 ). Red-brown with blackish apex of metasoma, sometimes with yellow markings on face (always in male) and T1–T2................................ P. (N.) enslini (von Schulthess) View in CoL

7. Gena wider, less markedly narrowed below ( Fig. 14K View FIGURE 14 ). Posterior depression of propodeum entirely covered in strong oblique ridges ( Figs 10C View FIGURE 10 , 11D View FIGURE 11 ). T1 more robust, 2.05–2.15× as long as apically wide ( Figs 10D View FIGURE 10 , 11E View FIGURE 11 ); T 1 in lateral view with dorsal surface evenly and weakly convex from base to apex ( Fig. 14P View FIGURE 14 ); longitudinal furrow more evident but of regular depth for whole length ( Fig. 14R View FIGURE 14 ); apical margin not differentiated from rest of surface ( Figs 14P, 14R View FIGURE 14 ). Pubescence of head and mesosoma finer, pale brownish and without any silvery reflection ( Figs 10 View FIGURE 10 , 11 View FIGURE 11 , 14M View FIGURE 14 ). Metasoma without yellow markings ( Figs 10D View FIGURE 10 , 11E View FIGURE 11 ). Digitus proportionally shorter and more robust, with sides more converging apically ( Fig. 13E View FIGURE 13 ; unknown in P. laterorufofasciatus )................................................................................... 8

- Gena narrower, more markedly narrowed below ( Fig. 14L View FIGURE 14 ). Posterior depression of propodeum largely smooth, at most crenate along median carina ( Figs 7C View FIGURE 7 , 8A View FIGURE 8 , 9D View FIGURE 9 , 12D View FIGURE 12 ). T1 slenderer, 2.3–2.6× as long as apically wide ( Figs 7D View FIGURE 7 , 9E View FIGURE 9 , 12E View FIGURE 12 ) (except for P. flavopetiolatus in which it is 2.05× as long as wide, Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 ); T 1 in lateral view with dorsal surface becoming progressively more convex posteriorly ( Fig. 14Q View FIGURE 14 ); longitudinal furrow less marked but forming a deep pit near posterior end ( Fig. 14S View FIGURE 14 ); apical margin strongly decolorate and translucent, forming a shallowly reflexed lamella ( Figs 14Q, S View FIGURE 14 ). Pubescence of head and mesosoma thicker and with strong silvery reflections, particularly evident on face, gena and sides of mesosoma (white but barely metallic in P. arabicus from Arabian Peninsula) ( Figs 7A View FIGURE 7 , 8A View FIGURE 8 , 9A View FIGURE 9 , 12A View FIGURE 12 , 14N, O View FIGURE 14 ). Metasoma with yellow markings at least on T1 ( Figs 7D View FIGURE 7 , 8A View FIGURE 8 , 9E View FIGURE 9 , 12E View FIGURE 12 ). Digitus proportionally longer and slenderer, with sides mostly parallel ( Figs 13C, D, F View FIGURE 13 ; unknown in P. flavopetiolatus ).......................................................................... 9

8. Lateral projection of propodeum forming a long and acute lobe, slightly curved inward ( Fig. 11D View FIGURE 11 ). Dorsal faces of propodeum black with yellow apical half, some reddish markings between black and yellow ( Figs 11A, D View FIGURE 11 )................................................................................................ P. (P.) occidentalis Giordani Soika

- Lateral projection of propodeum forming a short and more or less right-angled lobe, pointing outward ( Fig. 10C View FIGURE 10 ). Dorsal faces of propodeum entirely red ( Figs 10A, C View FIGURE 10 )................................ .. P. (P.) laterorufofasciatus Giordani Soika

9. T1 2.05× as long as apically wide, almost entirely yellow with trilobate dark red marking in apical half ( Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 )................................................................................ P. (P.) flavopetiolatus Giordani Soika

- T1 2.3–2.6× as long as apically wide, black and red with narrow yellow lines on sides and apical margin ( Figs 7D View FIGURE 7 , 9E View FIGURE 9 , 12E View FIGURE 12 ). .................................................................................................. 10

10. Apical emargination of clypeus wider and shallower, teeth bordering it shorter and less acute ( Figs 12B, C View FIGURE 12 ). Apical margin of T2 flattened to barely reflexed, forming a dark brown lamella not markedly separated from the rest of the surface ( Fig. 12E View FIGURE 12 ).............................................................................. P. (P.) sansibaricus (Schulz) View in CoL

- Apical emargination of clypeus narrower and deeper, teeth bordering it longer and more acute ( Figs 7B View FIGURE 7 , 9B, C View FIGURE 9 ). Apical margin of T2 markedly reflexed, forming a translucent yellowish lamella sharply separated from the rest of the surface ( Figs 7D View FIGURE 7 , 9E View FIGURE 9 ) .................................................................................................. 11

11. Pubescence of head and mesosoma white but barely silvery, without distinct metallic reflections ( Figs 7A–C View FIGURE 7 , 14O View FIGURE 14 ). Lateral projections of propodeum not depressed, thinner and more pointed ( Fig. 7C View FIGURE 7 ).............. P. (P.) arabicus Giordani Soika

- Pubescence of head and mesosoma distinctly silvery, with strong metallic reflections ( Figs 9A–C View FIGURE 9 , 14N View FIGURE 14 ). Lateral projections of propodeum dorsoventrally depressed, wider and less pointed ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 ).............. P. (P.) laetefasciatus Giordani Soika