Arisaema ciliatum H.Li var. liubaense Gusman & Gouda, Blumea

Arisaema ciliatum H.Li var. liubaense Gusman & Gouda, Blumea View in CoL 44: 39. 1999; Manudev et al., Pleione View in CoL 9(1): 229. 2015. Type: Originally from CHINA, Szechuan (Sichuan) Province , near Liuba , area of Mt. Minya Konka , 3600 m, C. Teune 369, subsequently raised by Gusman , 09.05.1989 (U, digital images!). Fig. 7 View Figure 7

Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, c. 55 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, globose to subglobose, 2–3 cm diam., 1.5–2.5 cm tall, cream-white, stoloniferous. Roots many, from the upper side of the corm, white. Cataphylls 2 or 3, obtuse-orbicular at apex, mucronate; outer c. 2.5 cm long, pale to white or purplish distally; middle 8–12.5 cm long,pale to white below, pink to purplish above; inner 17–30 cm long, pale purple or pink, brown or greenish brown, not mottled. Leaf solitary, radiatisect, usually unfolds with the emergence of inflorescence; petiole up to 55 cm long, 0.5–0.7 cm thick, pale to dark greenish brown, greenish distally, not mottled; leaflets 7–12, sessile, narrow, linear to oblong-elliptic, 7–19.5 cm long, 2–3.8 cm wide, long acuminate at apex and prolonged in to c. 3.5 cm long tail, base gradually cuneate, margins entire, often wavy or undulate, pale-dark green ventrally, glaucous dorsally. Pseudostem 27.5–40 cm long, 0.7–1.5 cm wide, coloured as in petiole. Inflorescence held below the leaf; peduncle 32–45 cm long, green or pale to dark brownish green, exserted by c. 5 cm from the pseudostem. Spathe 17– 25.5 cm long with a tail up to 15 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 5–6 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, pale green to brownish green, pale to white striped along the veins; margins of the mouth strongly recurved, not ciliate; limb ovate-lanceolate, 5.5–6 cm long, 4.5–5.7 cm wide, wider than tube, acute-acuminate and prolonged in to a slender tail, 5–15 cm long, purplish-brown to carmine, with conspicuous white to pale green stripes along the veins ending in an anastomosis, horizontal, arched over and curved down with tails drooping. Female spadix sessile, 6.5–7.5 cm long, cylindric, well exserted from the tube; fertile region narrow, 2–2.5 cm long, followed by a few neuters; appendix cylindric, 4–5.5 cm long, 0.6–0.8 cm thick, constricted or truncate at the base after neuters, rounded and smooth at apex, green to light green; neuters subulate, a few, 0.3–0.5 cm long, upcurved, green; pistils many, sessile, compactly arranged, ovoid or bottle-shaped, green; ovules 1–4, white; style short; stigma papillate, stellate, white. Male spadix similar to female, slender, 5–6.5 cm long, 0.6–0.7 cm thick; fertile region narrow 1.8–2 cm long, pale green to green; neuters usually absent; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, stipitate, 2–4-androus; anthers cream, dehisce by an apical round to oblong pore. Fruiting spike cylindrical, c. 6.5 cm long, c. 2.5 cm wide, borne on a nodding peduncle; receptacle cream coloured; berries compactly arranged, green when young, orange-red at maturity, 1–4 seeded.

Flowering & fruiting: May–July.

Habitat: As an under growth in evergreen forests or on the edges, in humid semi-shady conditions or along streams, often found along with A. fraternum , A. nepenthoides , Cautleya spicata (Smith) Baker ( Zingiberaceae ), etc.

Distribution: India (North-East Himalayas) and China (Sichuan).

Specimens examined: INDIA , Meghalaya. East Khasi Hills district, Laitryngew, on the way to Cherrapunjee , 1684 m, 10.05.2013, in flowering, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135220 ( CALI!); ibid., 22.07.2014, in fruiting, Manudev 139883 ( CALI!) .

Notes: Manudev et al. (2015) recently reported this species from India . Gouda and Gusman (1999) described var. liubaense based on the plants grown from the corms received from Michael Hoog (Dutch Gardener), which was originally supplied by Carla Teune, who collected it from Liuba ( China) in 1981. Though collected from a Dutch nursery, in the protologue, authors cited the location and collection date as near Liuba, area of Mt. Minya Konka (Gonga Shan) Szechuan (Sichuan) Province, China, at 3600 m elevation on 15.09.1981. The information on the type specimen also reiterates the same. Dr. Kanchi N. Gandhi (Nomenclatural Registrar, Harvard University, personal communication) opined that the collection details provided in the protologue by Gouda & Gusman (l.c.) had to be clarified since the type specimens were actually raised in the author’s garden.

Arisaema ciliatum var. liubaense is closely related to A. consanguineum in general morphological features but can be distinguished by stoloniferous corms and purple-brown or carmine spathe limb with conspicuous white to greenish-white stripes along the veins ending in an anastomosis as opposed to a proliferous corm and usually greenish spathe limb without white stripes. This variety is also allied to A. erubescens but can be readily distinguished by an erect fruiting peduncle and a pink spathe limb that is shorter than the tube, with an acuminate apex without a long drooping tail.

Arisaema concinnum Schott View in CoL , Bonplandia 7: 27 (1859), Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 50. 1860; Oliv., Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 97: t. 5914. 1871; Engl. in A.DC & C.DC, Monogr. Phan. 2: 555. 1879; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India View in CoL 6: 505. 1894; N.E.Br., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 254. 1881; Chatterjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 122. 1955; H.Hara, Fl. East. Himal. 350. 1971; A.S.Rao & D.M.Verma, Bull. Bot. Surv. India View in CoL 18: 17. 1976 (1979); Gusman & L.Gusman, Gen. Arisaema View in CoL ed. 2. 365. 2006. Type: INDIA View in CoL , Sikkim, 6000-10000 ft, s.d., J.D. Hooker s.n. (K000203005 digital image!; iso CAL!).

A affine Schott View in CoL , Bonplandia 7: 27. 1859; Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 51. 1860. A. concinnum var. affine (Schott) Engl. View in CoL in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 557. 1879. Lectotype (designated here): INDIA View in CoL , Sikkim, 6000-10000 ft, s.d., J.D. Hooker s.n. (K000203008 digital image! excluding the pistils).

A.alienatum Schott View in CoL , Bonplandia View in CoL 7:26.1859,Prodr.Syst. Aroid. 45. 1860. A. concinnum var. alienatum (Schott) Engl., Pflanzenr., IV View in CoL , 23 F: 178 (1920). Lectotype (designated here): INDIA View in CoL , Uttarakhand, Garwahl, June 1845, T. Thompson s.n. (K000203002A digital image!) Figs. 8–11 View Figure 8 View Figure 9 View Figure 10 View Figure 11

Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, c. 95 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, depressed globose-subglobose, 2–5.4 cm diam., 1–3.5 cm tall, smooth or wrinkled, cream-white or brownish, stoloniferous. Roots many, pale brown to rose, from the upper side of the tuber. Cataphylls 3 or 4, acute or obtuse at apex, mucronate; outer c. 2.5–7.5 cm long, pale to white often blushed with rose; middle 5.5–15 cm long, pale brown to pale rose, faintly mottled; inner 16–30 cm long, enclosing the pseudostem, pale rose, pale to dark brown, faintly mottled, sometimes cylindric below; often an outer pale-hyaline cataphyll 1–3 cm long also seen. Leaf solitary, radiatisect, usually unfolds completely before the emergence of inflorescence or together; petiole 38–95 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm thick, pale green to greenish white above, rose to brown tinged below, not mottled; leaflets 5–8, sessile, elliptic-oblanceolate, 15.5–28.5 cm long, 3–6.8 cm wide, long-acuminate, margins entire, often wavy or undulate, dark green ventrally, pale dorsally. Pseudostem 13.5–29 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, wrapped by cataphylls, pale to dark green. Inflorescence held below the level of leaf; peduncle 29–63 cm long, light green,pale green, not mottled, exserted by 13–15.5 cm long from the pseudostem; Spathe 16–24.5 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 6–8.5 cm long, 1.5–2 cm wide, pale green-green, or pale purple with white-pale stripes along the veins; margins of the mouth slightly dilated to a revolute auricular extension; limb, ovate-lanceolate, 10–16 cm long, 3.3–5.2 cm wide, acuminate with a long tail 5–9 cm long, green, purple to dark brown all over with white to pale greenish white stripes along the veins, arched over and drooping. Female spadix sessile, c. 10 cm long, 0.3–0.4 cm thick, slender, unevenly angled with a fertile region of 2–4 cm at the base, followed by a few neuters; pistils many, sessile, compactly arranged, globose, sometimes angled owing to the compact arrangement, green; ovules 3–5; style short; stigma papillate, stellate, peltate; neuters subulate, a few, 0.5–1.5 cm long, scattered, upcurved, green; appendix decidedly stipitate with a slight thickening at the base after neuters, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding, slender and gradually tapering, green to light green, apex blunt-truncate, often subcapitate-capitate and purplish-dark brown. Male spadix sessile, similar to female, 4.5–7 cm long, 0.3–0.4 cm thick; fertile region narrow, 1.5–2.5 cm long; neuters usually absent or very few, as small protuberance; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, sessile or stipitate, 2–4-androus; anthers sessile, purple, dehisce by an apical pore. Fruiting spike cylindrical, c. 8.5 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, borne on an upright peduncle; berries compactly arranged, rounded at apex; receptacle cream, 3–5 seeded.

Flowering & fruiting: May–September.

Habitat: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, among pine woods at an elevation above 1500 m, associated with Arisaema galeatum , A. speciosum and A. tortuosum .

Distribution: India , China, Bhutan and Nepal.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Aruanchal Pradesh, Lohit district, Hayuliang, along Dalai river, 14.01.1970, J. Joseph 48945 (ASSAM!). Upper Dibang Valley district, s.loc., 1700 m, 15.04.2001, M. Bhaumik 3817 (CAL!); Mayudia to Anini, 1865 m, 09.05.2015, Arunkumar & Salim 144847 (CALI!); Roing-Mayudia, 1125 m, 09.05.2015, Arunkumar & Salim 144834 (CALI!). West Kameng district, Bomdila, Thungri Nalla, 13.10.2015, in fruiting, Arunkumar & Salim 144941, 144942 (CALI!). Manipur, Senapati district, Kujeree Forest, Maram Side, 18.04.2006, A.A. Mao & R. Gogoi 111178 (ASSAM!). Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills district, Cherrapunjee, Mowsmai Cave, 1300 m, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135225 (CALI!); ibid., 22.07.2014, in fruiting, Manudev 139895 (CALI!); Mowmluh Cave, 4500 ft., 22.04.1943, N.L. Bor 187, 188 (BSD!); Shillong peak, 6000 ft, 23.05.1943, N.L. Bor 17346 (BSD!). Nagaland, Kohima district, Dzuko Valley, 03.06.2005, A.A. Mao 109039, 109040 (ASSAM!). Sikkim, East Sikkim district, Baluwakhani, Gangtok, 1800 m, 25.04.1980, P. Chakrabarthy 135 (BSHC!); Chandmari, Nathula Road, Gangtok, 2100 m, 07.05.2014, Manudev 138870 (CAL!); Fambong la Rest House to Kawlakhola, 17.07.1992, S.K. Rai 20853 (BSHC!); Hanuman Tok, 07.05.2014, 2200 m, 138865, Manudev & Syam Radh 138865 (CALI!); Meriang, way to Bhusuk Basty, 09.05.1984, S. Singh 2956 (BSHC!); Pangthang, near Spices Board, way to Mangan, 1900 m, 04.05.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138848 (CALI!); near Pangthang, 1951 m, 04.05.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138857 (CALI!); Raj Bhavan Compound, Gangtok, 24.04.1984, D. Banerjee 2906 (BSHC!); ibid., 25.04.1980, P. Chakrabarthy 134 (BSHC!); Rangtang to Sangtang, 1800 m, 04.05.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138854 (CALI!); Sangthang, near waterfall, way to Mangan, 1900 m, 04.05.2014, Manudev, Syam Radh & Prashob 138850 (CALI!). North Sikkim district, Kabi Sacred groves, 11.06.1997, S.S. Dash & S.K. Rai 17225 (BSHC!); ibid., 15.06.1999, S.S. Dash 20760 (BSHC!); Singhik towards Mangan, 24.04.1988, R. Seshagiri Rao 92 (ASSAM!). South Sikkim district, Sada, on the way, 11.05.1991, R.C. Srivastava 13188 (BSHC!); Tendong R.F., 07.06.2000, B.K. Shukla 23527 (BSHC!). West Sikkim district, Khecheopalri Lake surroundings, 11.05.1986., S.K. Rai 5420, 5421 (BSHC!); ibid., 1875 m, 14.05.1994, G.P. Sinha 16087 (BSHC!); ibid., 18.05.2002, D. Maity & N. Pradhan 23469 (BSHC!); Varsey to Okhrey, 03.06.2004, S.K. Rai 14277 (BSHC!); Yuksom, 19.05.2002, D. Maity & N. Pradhan 23489, 23492 (BSHC!). Uttarakhand, Almora district, Dafia Dhura, 01.08.1972, C.M. Arora 49546 (BSD!). Chamoli district, Anusuya Devi temple, 1750–2000 m, s.d., B.D. Naithani 44036 (BSD!); Dewalikhal to Karanprayag, 24.06.1979, B.D. Naithani 68077 (BSD!); Kachula Khark, above Mandal, Chamoli, 26.06.1993, H.B. Naithani 1860 (BSD!). Pithoragarh district, Bogdiyar, on the way, 06.1986, Bipin Balodi 77549 (BSD!); Dhani Kholta, 12.09.1983, fruiting, Bipin Balodi 75042 (BSD!); Rungling forest, 2000-2800 m, 17.06.1960, T.A. Rao 11929 (BSD!). Tehri- Garhwal district, Gohna-Ramun, Garhwal, 2500m, 10.06.1959, M.A. Rau 10086 (BSD!); Govana, 1400 m, 29.05.1979, A.K. Goel 67727 (BSD!); Urni-Jhala, Tehri, 28.09.2000, fruiting, Uniyal & Pundir 96983 (BSD!). Kumaon, 4000 m (12000 ft.), Strachy 13 (CAL!). Uttar Pradesh, Sitapur district, Sitapur, 1600 m, 22.05.1972, B.D. Naithani 47928 (BSD!). West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Algarh, near Balwagani, way to Lava, 1761 m, 30.04.2014, Manudev 138830 (CALI!); ibid., 1700 m, 30.04.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138825 (CALI!); Darjeeling, s.d., Talbot 3339 (BSI!); ibid., 1875, 7000 ft, J.S. Gamble 1276B, 1276D (BSD!); ibid., 05.1880, J.S. Gamble 8074 (BSD!); ibid., 05.1882, J.S. Gamble 10324 (BSD!); ibid., 10.05.1895, Talbot 3363 (BSI!); Jorebungalaw, 2 km towards Sonada, 26.04.2014, Manudev 138812 (CALI!); Lava, 02.06.13, Manudev 02061311 (CALI!); way to Lava, 02.06.13, Manudev 02061302; Maneybhanjang to Sundekphu, 04.05.2015, Arunkumar 144806 (CALI!); Mirik, 1900 m, 30.04.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138833 (CALI!); Rangiroom, near Forest Beat Office, 1650 m, 16.07.2014, in fruiting, Manudev & Abdul Kabeer 139850 (CALI!); Rungiroom to Mungpoo, 1617 m, 16.07.2014, Manudev 139853 (CALI!); Rishap, near Lava, 2211 m, 30.04.2014, Manudev 138840 (CALI!).

Notes: This species is closely related to A. leschenaultii Blume in having greenish to purple spathe and stoloniferous tuber but can be differentiated by more slender spadix appendix with a rugose, subtruncate to sub-capitate tip. It was Schott (1859) who described this species along with A. affine Schott and A. alienatum Schott from the collections of Hooker from Sikkim. Both A. affine and A. alienatum were subsequently synonymised under this taxon by later workers ( Hooker, 1893; Engler, 1920).

Typification: Schott (1859) described A. affine based on the collections of Hooker from Sikkim. There are two sheets at Kew ( K000203007 and K000203008 ), both marked as type specimen by Schott. However, both of these sheets are part of different collections that are evident from the altitude shown in the field tickets. Since a proper type was not designated, the sheet no. K000203008 is chosen here as the lectotype conforming to the latest code, excluding the pistils at the left .

Schott (1859) described A. alientaum from the collections of Thompson from Garwhal and Griffith from Bhutan. There are two sheets collected by Griffith , one each at K ( Griffith 2630, K000203003) and BM ( Griffith 2629, BM000958547) and one sheet collected by Thompson from Garwhal at K (Thompson s.n., K000203002). The sheets at K were mentioned by Schott as the type and therefore a lectotype must be selected. The sheet by Griffith has a single plant mounted on it but with a deformed spathe and the sheet by Thompson has two plants with intact spathes. The sheet K000203002, has two specimens which is marked here as A and B. Among them, A is the best representative of the name and selected here as the lectotype.

Arisaema consanguineum Schott View in CoL , Bonplandia 7: 27. 1859, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 52. 1860; N.E.Br., J. Linn., Bot. 18: 242. 1880; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India View in CoL 6: 505. 1893; Engl. in Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. (36)82: 11. 1905; Pamp., Boll. Soc. Bot. Ital. 9: 289. 1911; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 10: 397. 1912; Dunn & Tutcher, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, Addit. Ser. 10: 288. 1912; Engl. in Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 6: 276. 1912; Engl. et al. in Limpricht, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. 12: 313. 1912; Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 241. 1915; Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.23F(73): 175. 1920; Hand.- Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 1365. 1936; Gagnep., Fl. Indo- Chine 6(9):1188. 1942; Chatterjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 122. 1955; H.Hara, Fl. E. Himalaya, Sec. Rep., Bull. 348. 1971; J.C.Wang, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 37(1): 77. 1996; Gusman, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 67: 221. 1999; Gusman & L.Gusman, Gen. Arisaema View in CoL , ed. 2. 371. 2006. A. erubescens (Wall.) Schott var. consanguineum (Schott) Engl. View in CoL in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 558. 1879. Lectotype (designated by Manudev & Nampy, 2016): INDIA View in CoL , Sikkim, s.d., J.D.Hooker s.n. (CAL0000001307!).

A. tatarinowii Schott View in CoL , Bonplandia 7: 27. 1859, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 53. 1860; Engl. in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 559. 1879; Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 236. 1901. Type: Not seen.

A. vituperatum Schott View in CoL , Bonplandia 7: 28. 1859, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 54. 1860. A. erubescens (Wall.) Schott var. vituperatum (Schott) Engl. View in CoL in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 558. 1879. Type: NEPAL, s.loc., s.d., Wallich Cat. No. 8915

A. giraldii Baroni, Boll. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1893: 515 View in CoL . 1893. Type: Not seen.

A. davidianum Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. View in CoL 25: 27. 1898. A. consanguineum var. davidianum (Engl.) Engl., Pflanzenr., IV View in CoL , 23 F: 177. 1928. Type: Not seen.

A. tatarinowii Schott f. latisecta Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. View in CoL 29: 236. 1901. A. consanguineum Schott f. latisectum (Engl.) Engl., Pflanzenr., IV View in CoL , 23 F: 176. 1920. Type: Not seen.

A. brevipes Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. View in CoL 36(82): 11. 1905. Type: Not seen.

A. consanguineum Schott var. giganteum Pamp., Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ortic. View in CoL 16(7): 227. 1911. Type: Not seen.

A. consanguineum Schott f. alpestre K.Krause, Repert. View in CoL Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 313. 1922. Type: CHINA, Sichuan, on top of Wan fu Ding, Limpricht (?)

A. undulatum K.Krause, Repert. View in CoL Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 313. 1922. Type: Not seen

A. kerrii Gagnep., Notul. Syst. View in CoL 9: 125. 1941, nom. illeg.

A. erubescens auct . Ma & H.Li, Aroideana 40(3): 120. 2017. non Schott 1832. Fig. 12 View Figure 12

Deciduous, dioecious or very rarely monoecious, succulent, perennial herbs, c. 1 m tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, globose to subglobose, 3–6 cm diam., 2–4 cm tall, cream-white; tuberlets often present in mature corms, a few, surrounding the pseudostem. Roots many, from the upper side of the corm, white. Cataphylls 2 or 3, obtuse-orbicular at apex, mucronate; outer c. 2 cm long, pale to white; middle 5.5–12 cm long, pale to pink, pale to dark brown mottled; inner 9–20 cm long, pale green to brown, with faint or dark rosepink to brownish mottling. Leaves 1 or rarely 2, radiatisect, usually unfolds with the emergence of inflorescence; petiole 22–110 cm long, 0.3–1.5 cm thick, pale to dark green, not mottled; leaflets 9–21, sessile, narrow, linear to oblong, 7.5–23 cm long, 1.6–5.2 cm wide, long acuminate at apex and prolonged in to a greenish to brown tail, base gradually cuneate, margins entire, often wavy or undulate, pale-dark green ventrally, glaucous dorsally. Pseudostem 20–45 cm long, 1–2.5 cm thick, wrapped by cataphylls, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence held below the leaves; peduncle 16–55 cm long, shorter than petiole, green, pale to dark brownish green or purple, exserted by 7–10 cm long from the pseudostem. Spathe 7–20 cm long with a long tail up to 25 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, slightly funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 5–9 cm long, 2–3.5 cm wide, pale green to green or rarely purple stained, sometimes with faint inconspicuous lines along veins; margins of the mouth dilated to a revolute auricular extension; limb ovate, 6–10 cm long, 3.2–5.5 cm wide, wider than tube, acute-acuminate and prolonged in to a slender tail, 10–25 cm long, green all over, sometimes purple blotched, arched over and curved down. Female spadix sessile, 8–10.2 cm long, 0.4–0.8 cm thick; fertile region 2.7–3.7 cm long, followed by few neuters along c. 0.5 cm; pistils many, sessile, compactly arranged, ovoid or bottle-shaped, green; ovules 4–6, white; style short; stigma papillate, stellate, sessile; neuters subulate, a few, 0.3–0.5 cm long, scattered, curved, green; appendix cylindric, decidedly stipitate with a slight constriction at the base after neuters, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding, cylindric, rounded and smooth at apex, green to light green. Male spadix sessile, similar to female, slender, 5.5– 6.2 cm long, 0.3–0.5 cm thick; fertile region c. 1.5–2 cm long, pale green to green; neuters usually absent; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, sessile or decidedly stipitate, 2–4-androus; anthers cream, dehisce by an apical round to oblong pore. Fruiting spike cylindric, 4–6 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide, borne on a nodding peduncle; receptacle cream; berries ovoid compactly arranged, 4–6 seeded.

Flowering & fruiting: April–June.

Habitat: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, grasslands, under pine woods at an elevation above 1300 m, associated with A. concinnum and A. tortuousum .

Distribution: India , Bhutan, China, Nepal, Myanmar and Thailand.

Specimens examined: INDIA , Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Dibang Valey district, Athunli, 960 m, 01.05.1998, M. Bhaumik 1518 (CAL!); West Kameng district, Dum, on the bank of river Dirang, fruiting plant, 24.09.1964, J. Joseph 40292 (ASSAM!). Manipur, Senapati district, Mao (Mao to Kegwing), c. 1830 m (6000 ft), 02.05.1882, G. Watt 6861 (CAL!). Meghalaya, East Khasia Hills district, Dumpep, 30.05.1911, I.H. Burkill & S.C. Banerjee 34249 (CAL!); ibid., 16.04.1969, A.S. Rao 47420 (ASSAM); ibid., c. 1920 m (6300 ft), 30.05.1911, I.H. Burkill & S.C. Banerjee 34258 (CAL!); Jowai, 07.05.1961, D.B. Deb 24425 (ASSAM!); Laitlyngkot, fruiting plant, 16.07.1946, G.K. Deka 22262; Mawphalang, sacred forest, 31.05.1973, P.K. Hajra 51932 (ASSAM!, CAL!), 51933 (ASSAM!); Mukhla, near Jowai, 14.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135247 (CALI!); Mylliem towards north, 29.05.1911, I.H. Burkill & S.C. Banerjee 104 (CAL!); Nongstoin, 10.05.2013, Alfred & Manudev 135231 (CAL!); Nongstoin to Shillong, 10.05.2013, Alfred & Manudev 135232 (CAL!); Sangpung-Raliang, on the way from Jowai to Barapani, 23.05.1965, A.S. Rao 42539 (ASSAM!, CAL!); Shillong, c. 1530 m (5000 ft), 01.06.1885, C.B. Clarke 38224 (CAL!); ibid., c. 1500 m (4900 ft), 26.05.1911, I.H. Burkill & S.C. Banerjee 37 (CAL!): ibid., 27.05.1911, I.H. Burkill & S.C. Banerjee 68 (CAL!); ibid., 29.05.1911, I.H. Burkill & S.C. Banerjee 51 (CAL!); ibid., 05.1918, H.G. Carter 826, 840 (CAL!); Shillong, woodlands Camp (new colony), 04.06.1960, V.N. Naik 18181 (ASSAM!, CAL!); Shillong near Cantonement, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135214; Shillong, BSI woodlands, fruiting plant, 02.08.1967, D.M. Verma 35667; Shillong Peak, 17.06.1967, D.M. Verma 35638 (ASSAM!); ibid., 1800 m, 17.06.1956, R.S. Rao 2741 (CAL!); Khasia hills, 06.1876, s.coll. 280 (CAL496077!); ibid., s.d., J.D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n. (CAL496093!); ibid., s.d., Griffith s.n. (CAL496091!). Nagaland, Mokokchung district, Mokokchung, Naga Hills, 05.1895, s.coll. 11696 (CAL!). Sikkim, North Sikkim District, Singhik, 14.05.1945, Dr. K. Biswas 6802 (CAL!); Chungthang, 15.05.1945, Dr. K. Biswas 6825 (CAL!). s.loc., s.d., R. Seshagiri Rao 342 (CAL!). Uttarakhand, Pithoragarh district, Pangu, Kumaon, 1800 m, 10.06.1960, T.A. Rao 11710 (CAL!). West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Darjeeling, c. 2130 m (7000 ft), 04.1882, J.S. Gamble 10327 (CAL!); Rangbee, 12.05.1877, Griffith 5975 (CAL!); ibid., 12.05.1877, J.L. Lister s.n. (CAL496067!); Senchal, 05.1878, G. King s.n. (CAL!); Senchal WLS, 26.05.2007, A.K. Ghosh 41623A (CAL!); Batasia to Palmajura, 08.05.1956, D. Chatterjee 44 (CAL!).

Notes: This species is close to A. fraternum but can be easily identified by its linear-oblong leaflets with a long tailed apex and spathe with an acuminate tip extending in a long tail as opposed to oblong-lanceolate leaflets without a tail at apex, and strongly drooping spathe limb without a tail.

Arisaema echinatum (Wall.) Schott View in CoL in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 17. 1832; Blume, Rumphia 1: 94. 1836; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 16. 1841; Schott, Syn. Aroid. 1: 30. 1856; Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 49. 1960; Engl. in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 555. 1879; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India View in CoL 6: 596. 1893; Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.23F(73): 181. 1920; Hand.- Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 1361. 1936; Chatterjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 124. 1955; H.Hara, Fl. East. Himalaya, Sec. Rep. 351. 1971; U.C.Pradhan, Himal. Cobra Lilies 90. 1990; Hajra & D.M.Verma, Fl. Sikkim Monocot. 1: 188. 1996; Sasikala & Vajravelu, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 98(3): 495. 2001; Gusman & L.Gusman, Gen. Arisaema View in CoL , ed. 2. 374. 2006. Arum echinatum Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. View in CoL 2: 30. t. 136. 1831. Lectoype (Step I. designated by Chatterjee 1955: 124; Step II. designated by Manudev & Nampy, 2017): NEPAL, Sheopore?, June 1821, Wallich 8916 (K001131834, excluding the Arisaema species at lower right corner and the Typhonium View in CoL plant at the base; iso K000203000, K000950293, K001131831 excluding plants of Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Mart. View in CoL and A. exile Schott View in CoL ). Epitype (designated by Manudev & Nampy, 2017): Icone of Arum echinatum Wall. View in CoL (Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: t. 136. 1831) Fig. 13 View Figure 13

Deciduous, dioecious, perennial herbs, c. 70 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, globose, 4–7 cm diam., 2–4.5 cm tall, proliferating. Roots many, from the upperside of the corm, branched. Cataphylls 3, obtuse at apex, green or red. Leaves 1, rarely 2, radiatisect, emerges with the inflorescence; petioles 15–60 cm long, light green or purple, elongates after the spathe unfolds; leaflets 7–11, subsessile, broadly ovate, base cuneate, margins slightly serrate and undulate, apex mucronate, green above, glaucous beneath. Sheathing pseudostem c. 10 cm long, green, wrapped by cataphylls, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence held near the ground level; peduncle much shorter than the petiole, 5–10 cm long, green; spathe c. 27 cm long including the apical tail; tube of the spathe cylindric, slightly funnel-shaped towards mouth, 3–5 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide, outside green or purple with white stripes along the veins, inside with purple dotted stripes, Distribution: India View in CoL , Bhutan, China and Nepal.

Specimens examined: INDIA , Sikkim, North Sikkim district, Lachen , 3000 m, 07.06.1999, D. Maity 21328 ( BSHC!); Tallom surroundings, 25.07.1986, DCS Raju & S . Singh 6214 ( BSHC!); Zemu Valley , c. 2438 m (8000 ft.), 09.07.1909, Smith & Cave 1011 ( CAL!) .

Notes: This species is near to A. echinoides , a Chinese species, from which it can be distinguished by a stoloniferous subterranean stem and spathe limbs dark carmine inside with a few greenish white veins, anastomosing near the margin.