Arisaema fraternum Schott

Arisaema fraternum Schott View in CoL , Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 26. 1859; Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 45. 1860; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India View in CoL 6: 507. 1893; Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.23F(73): 178. 1920; Chatterjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 118. 1955; A.S.Rao & D.M.Verma, Bull. Bot. Surv. India View in CoL 18: 17. 1976 (1979); Gusman & L.Gusman, Gen. Arisaema ed. 2. 387. 2006. Lectoype (designated here): INDIA , Meghalaya, Khasia Hills, s.d., Griffith 11 (K000400615digitalimage!).

A. leschenaultii auct . Engl. in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 552. 1879, non Blume 1836, pro parte. Figs. 15 View Figure 15 & 16 View Figure 16

Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, up to 56 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, depressed globose to subglobose, 2–4.5 cm diam., 2–2.8 cm tall, cream-white, stoloniferous. Roots many, from the upper side of the corm, white to pink. Cataphylls 2 or 3, obtuse-orbicular at apex, mucronate; outer c. 2 cm long, pale to white; middle 5.5–12 cm long, pale green to brownish green, pale rose to dark brown mottled; inner 9–21 cm long, enclosing the pseudostem, pale green to greenish brown, with faint or dark rose-purple to brownish mottling. Leaf solitary, radiatisect, usually unfolds completely after the emergence of inflorescence; petiole 27.5–133 cm long, 0.3–1.5 cm thick, dark green, purplish to brownish green, often mottled; leaflets 7–11, sessile, elliptic to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7.5–23 cm long, 1.6–5.2 cm wide, acute at apex, base cuneate, margins entire, often wavy or undulate, dark green ventrally, glaucous dorsally. Pseudostem 9–30 cm long, 1–2.5 cm thick, wrapped by cataphylls, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence matures after the emergence of leaf, held below or at the level of leaf; peduncle 16–42 cm long, green, pale to dark brownish green or purple mottled, exserted by 7–12 cm long from the pseudostem. Spathe 7–16 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, slightly funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 3.5–4 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, pale green to green, sometimes with faint inconspicuous lines along veins; margins of the mouth dilated to a revolute auricular extension, 0.7–1.5 cm wide; limb ovate, oblong-ovate, widely ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6–9.5 cm long, 3.2–6.2 cm wide, acute-acuminate, green all over, arched over and strongly curved down. Female spadix sessile, 8–10.2 cm long, 0.4–0.8 cm thick, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding; fertile region 2.7–3.7 cm long, followed by few neuters along c. 0.5 cm; pistils many, sessile, compactly arranged, rhomboid, 5 or 6-angled owing to its compact arrangement, green; ovules 4–6, white; stigma papillate, stellate, sessile; appendix cylindric, decidedly stipitate with a slight constriction at the base after neuters, blunt at apex, sometimes decidedly flattened, green to light green; neuters subulate, a few, 0.3–0.5 cm long, scattered, upcurved, green. Male spadix sessile, similar to female, slender, 5.5–6.2 cm long, 0.3–0.5 cm thick; male fertile region 1.5–2 cm long, pale green to green; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, sessile or decidedly stipitate, 1 or 2-androus; anthers cream, dehisce by an apical oblong pore; neuters absent. Fruiting spike cylindrical, c. 5 cm long, c. 2.5 cm wide, borne on an upright peduncle; berries compactly arranged, rhomboid, 5 or 6-angled, green when young, turns red upon maturity, 5–6-seeded.

Flowering & fruiting: April–June.

Habitat: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, near grasslands, riverbanks at an elevation above 1300 m, associated with A. album , A. concinnum and A. tortuousum .

Distribution: India (North-East India ), endemic.

Specimens examined: INDIA , Meghalaya, Khasia & Jaintia hills district, Cherrapunjee , 10.05.1940, G . K . Deka 22309 (ASSAM!); Mowsmai , near cave, plant, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135226 ( CALI!) . Pyrunusula , 29.04.1940, R . N . Dr. 21864 (ASSAM!); Tissy Jarwa, way to Nongthymmai , Cherrapunjee , 10.05.2013, Manudev 135219 ( CALI!); Nongthymmai, on river banks, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135222 ( CALI!); Nohsngithiang, Forest patch before Seven Sister Falls , 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135229 ( CALI!) .

Notes: It is close to A. consanguineum , but can be easily differentiated by its oblong-lanceolate leaflets, glaucous on the ventral side, and completely green, ovate-widely ovate, acute and strongly drooping spathe limb as opposed to linear, long caudate leaflets without a glaucous base and green-purple, ovate-lanceolate, long caudate spathe limb.

Typification: Schott (1859) while describing A. fraternum cited Khasia hills in Meghalaya as the locality but without mentioning the collector. Subsequently, in his Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum (1860) , he gave the details of collector as “Khasia-Griffith- v.s in Herb. Hooker ” indicating that he based his descriptions on collections of Griffith from Khasia that are deposited in Hooker’s herbarium (now K). There are two sheets by Griffith at K (K000400614 & K000400615). The specimen K000400614 was collected from Cherrapunjee and the date of collection is written March 1831 on the field ticket appended. There is a Kew distribution label attached to the right side of the sheet indicating the name of the collector as Griffith with the field number as 5978. The other sheet (K000400615) does not have a Kew distribution label but has a field ticket attached to the lower part of the sheet with a number (No.11). There is no indication of the date of collection and locality except for an annotation “ Assam, Griffith ” and the locality is corrected later as Khasia, striking off ‘Assam’. So technically these two sheets serve as the syntypes of this species. Hence, K000400615 with a determination slip attached by Schott on this sheet indicating it as the type specimen, is selected here as the lectotype.

Arisaema leschenaultii Blume, Rumphia View in CoL 1: 93. 1836; Kunth, Enum. Plant. 3: 16. 1841; Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 51. 1860; Engl. in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 552. 1879, excl. syn. A. fraternum Schott View in CoL ; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 507. 1894; Hook.f. in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 352. 1898; Woodrow, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 13(3): 427. 1901; T.Cooke, Fl. Bombay 1: 821. 1903; Fyson, Fl. Nilgiri Pulney Hill-tops 1: 426, t. 271. 1915; Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.23F(73): 162. 1920; C.E.C.Fisch. in Gamble, Fl. Madras 3: 1585. 1931; Blatt. & McCann, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 19. 1931; Chatterjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 127. 1955; K.M.Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamil Nadu Carnat. t. 765. 1982; Sivad. & Nicolson in K.M.Matthew, Fl. Tamil Nadu Carnat. 3(2): 1688. 1983; P.V.Bole & M.R.Almeida, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83(3): 596. 1986; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 332. 1988; Nicolson in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 71. 1988; K.M.Matthew, Fl. Palni Hills 1369. 1999; Sivad. in Manoharan et al., Silent Valley-Whispers of Reason. 235, figs. 9, 10. 1999; N.Mohanan & Sivad. Fl. Agasthyamala 756. 2002; Gusman & L.Gusman, Arisaema View in CoL ed. 2. 392. 2006, pro parte. Lectotype (Step I. designated by Nicolson, 1988: 71; Step II. designated by Manudev & Nampy, 2017): INDIA View in CoL , Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris (as Nelligerry), s.d., Leschenault 69 (P00390539 digital image!;isolectotypeP00390538digitalimage!)

A. huegelli Schott, Syn. Aroid. 27. 1856. Type: Not seen.

A. papillosum Steud. ex Schott, Syn. Aroid. , 31. 1856, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 46. 1860; Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 335. 1864; Hook., Bot. Mag. 91: t. 5496. Lectoype (designated here): INDIA , Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris (in montibus Nilagiri), Althikarhattii, June, Hohenacker 1300 (P1750545 digital image!).

A. pulchrum N.E.Br., J. Linn.Soc.Bot. View in CoL 18: 252.1881; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India View in CoL 6: 505. 1894; C.E.C.Fisch. in Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 3: 1585. 1931. Type: INDIA, Sispara Ghats View in CoL , West Nilgiris (sent by R.H. Beddome, cultivated in Kew), 03.1878, W. Bull s.n. (K000499493 digital image!) Figs. 17 View Figure 17 & 18 View Figure 18

Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, c. 62 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, depressed globose to subglobose, 2–7 cm diam., 1–5 cm tall, wrinkled, cream-white, tuberlets often present in mature corms, a few, surrounding the pseudostem, often stoloniferous. Roots many, from the upper side of the corm. Cataphylls 3 or 4, acute or obtuse-orbicular at apex, mucronate; outer c. 1–4.5 cm long, pale to white often blushed with rose; middle 5.5–12 cm long, pale white-green or purple, pale rose to greenish brown mottled; inner 14.5–44 cm long, enclosing the pseudostem, pale green to greenish brown, with faint or dark rose, purple to brownish mottling, sometimes cylindrical below; often an outer pale-hyaline cataphyll c. 1–3 cm long can be seen. Leaf solitary, rarely 2, radiatisect, usually unfolds completely after the emergence of inflorescence; petiole 35– 90 cm long, 0.5–1.3 cm thick, light green to dark brownish green, pale-brown to purplish-brown mottled; leaflets 6–11, sessile, elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate, 9–30 cm long, 3–10 cm wide, cuneate at base, acute-acuminate, margins entire, often wavy or undulate, dark green ventrally, pale dorsally. Pseudostem 17–54 cm long, 1–2 cm thick, wrapped by cataphylls, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence held below the leaves; peduncle 29–69 cm long, light green, pale to dark brown or purple mottled, always greenish distally, sometimes green all over without any mottling, exserted by 10–25 cm long from the pseudostem. Spathe 11–20 cm long; tube of spathe cylindrical, slightly funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 5–8 cm long, 1.5–2 cm thick, greenish white, pale green-green, greenish brown or pale purple with white-pale stripes along the veins; margins of the mouth slightly dilated to a revolute-auricular extension; limb ovate-lanceolate, 6.5–14 cm long, 3–6 wide, acute-acuminate, light to dark green, purplish or greenish brown all over with white to pale stripes along the veins, arched over and drooping. Female spadix sessile, 7–10.5 cm long, 0.4–0.8 cm thick; fertile region 2–3 long, followed by few neuters; pistils many, sessile, compactly arranged, globose, green; ovules 3–5, white; stigma papillate, stellate, sessile-subsessile, often with a dark blue neck; neuters subulate, few, 0.5–1 cm long, scattered, upcurved, green, sometimes bulbous based; appendix cylindrical, decidedly stipitate with a slight constriction at the base after neuters, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding, cylindric and gradually tapering with a blunt apex, sometimes flattened, green to light green. Male spadix sessile, similar to female, slender, 5–8 cm long, 0.3–0.5 cm thick; fertile region 2–2.5 cm long; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, sessile or decidedly stipitate, 3–4-androus; anthers sessile, purple, dehisce by an apical pore; neuters very few or usually absent, subulate, 1–2 cm long, pale green. Fruiting spike cylindrical, c. 8 cm long, 4–5 cm wide; borne on an upright peduncle; berries globose, compactly arranged, green, 3–5-seeded.

Flowering & fruiting: April–October.

Habitat: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, near grasslands and shola forests at an elevation above 1000 m, associated with A. attenuatum , A.

barnesii , A. peltatum , A. tuberculatum , A. tylophorum and A. tortuosum .

Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats) and Sri Lanka.

Specimens examined: INDIA , Kerala, Idukki district, Chunduvarrai to Mannavan Shola , 12.04.2013, Manudev & Robi 135202, 135204 ( CALI!); Eravikulam National Park , 19.07.1997, V . Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 109 ( CALI!); Kundala Dam to Mannavan Shola , 23.05.2015, Manudev 138962 ( CALI!); Mannavan Shola, 23.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138968 ( CALI!); Munnar-Poopara road, 03.09.2010, Manudev 4129 ( CALI!); Peerumedu, 24.05.1997, V . Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 60 ( CALI!); Vallakadavu, Periyar Tiger Reserve , 17.11.1998, A . Johny 17955 ( CALI!). Palakkad district, Kaikatty, Nelliyampathy , 07.05.1997, V . Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 41 ( CALI!); Minnampara, Nelliyampathy , 14.08.1977, V . Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 120 ( CALI!); Silent Valley , 01.06.1977, M . Sivadasan CU19182 ( CALI!); Vengoli peak, south to Thunakkadavu dam, 28.04.1976, M . Sivadasan CU13149 ( CALI!). Thiruvananthapuram district, Attayar , way to Athirumala , 07.06.2014, Manudev & Arunkumar 138943 ( CALI!); Agasthyamala , way to Athirumala , 11.06.2011, Manudev 4457; ibid., 07.06.2014, Manudev & Arunkumar 138945 ( CALI!); way to Pongalappara , Agasthyamala , 11.06.2011, Manudev 4466 ( CALI!); Chemungi , 18.05.1979, ± 900 m, M . Mohanan 61854 ( CAL!). Tamilnadu, Dindigul district, Pulneys, banks of mountain streams, 1858, Beddome 115 ( CAL!). Kanyakumari district , Muthukuzhivayal , 1450 m, 27.07.1977, A. N . Henry 49417 ( CAL!); Nilgiris , s.loc., s.d., Perottett 1813 ( P017050544 ); ibid., 06.1883, J. S . Gamble 11996 ( CAL!); Nilgiris district, Coonoore , 31.07.1878, G . King s.n. ( CAL!); Naduvattom, 06.1884, J. S . Gamble 14549 ( DD!); Naduvattom , way to Ooty, near T. R . Bazar , 1795 m, 22.07.2012, Manudev 5277; Naduvattom to Ooty road, 2000 m, 22.07.2012, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 5279 ( CALI!); Ooty, summit of Doddabeta peak, 12.05.2011, Manudev 4418 ( CALI!); Rockland, Kundah-Coonoor road, 1885 m, 22.07.2012, Manudev & Renab 5285 ( CALI!); T. R . Bazar, near Naduvattom, Ooty , 12.05.2011, Manudev 4419 ( CALI!); Yellakandy , Ooty-Avalanche road, 2104 m, 22.07.2012, Manudev 5284 ( CALI!); Ootacamund (Ooty), 12.09.1878, G . King s.n. ( DD!); ibid., 05.1883, J. S . Gamble 11456 ( CAL!); ibid., 06.1897, Bourdillon s.n. ( CAL!). Telangana, Rangareddy district , Rudaram R. F ., 21.08.1994, M . Silar Mohammed 12716 ( SKU!) .

Typification: Schott (1856) published A. huegelli Schott , based on the collections of Huegel possibly from southern India . He also published another species A. papillosum Steudel ex Schott , by validating the name by Steudel. Both the species, characterized by a cylindric to clavate appendix, found to be conspecific and were recognized as synonyms of A. leschenaultii Blume by Engler (1879), in his treatment of Araceae in de Candolle’s Monographiae Phanerogamarum.

Arisaema papillosum was legitimately published by Schott (1856) in his Synopsis Aroidearum, based on the specimens from Steudel’s personal herbarium. In fact, Schott wrote “ A. papillosum Steudel (in Schedula)” means he had seen this name on the label of a sheet in Steudel’s Herbarium. Schott did not cite any other details of the specimens in his protologue except for the type locality as “ India Orientalis ”. Later he gave details of the specimens in the account of this taxa in his Prodromous Systematis Aroidearum as “ Montes Nilaghirenses- Steudel- V. Specim. authentica ” indicating the precise locality of the type as Mountains of Nilgiris in South India .

Ernest Gottleib von Steudel (1783–1856) was a German botanist and physician who collected only few plants himself and the majority of the plants in his herbarium were collected by others. There is no evidence that Steudel visited South India but he sometimes identified specimens for series of exsiccatae distributed by R.F. Hohenacker (German missionary, botanist and plant collector, 1798– 1874) who explored South India and collected plants for sale in Europe. There are four sheets of Hohenacker under two collection numbers [No.1300 (3 sheets) and one sheet of No.1301] at Paris Herbarium (P). All these sheets are part of Steudel’s herbarium as indicated in the field ticket attached in red ink. A lectotype is selected here (Hohenacker 1300, P1750545) conforming to the latest code of nomenclature (Turland et al., 2018)