Tiphia Fabricius, 1775

Subgenus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775 View in CoL View at ENA

Tiphia Fabricius, 1775: 354 View in CoL ; Allen 1975: 5; Tsuneki 1985: 3, 10; Tsuneki 1986a: 5, 9; Boni Bartalucci 2011: 342; Belokobylskij & Lelej 2017: 150.

Type species Tiphia femorata Fabricius, 1775 .

Diagnosis. Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with oblique wrinkles ( Figs 58 View FIGURES 55–59 , 76 View FIGURES 73–79 , 92 View FIGURES 89–95 , 99 View FIGURES 96–102 ); T1 anteriorly without a transverse row of short longitudinal striae, without subposterior margin, or not extending and covering subapical puncture groove in lateral view ( Figs 14 View FIGURES 8–15 , 16 View FIGURES 16–21 , 40 View FIGURES 40–44 , 49 View FIGURES 45–49 , 67 View FIGURES 67–72 ) ( Tsuneki 1985, 1986a; Han et al. 2021).

Key to the Chinese species of the subgenus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775 View in CoL View at ENA

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1. Inner face of hind basitarsus medially without longitudinal groove ( Figs 4 View FIGURES 1–7 , 107 View FIGURES 103–110 , 139 View FIGURES 136–143 )................................ 2

- Inner face of hind basitarsus medially with longitudinal groove ( Fig. 119 View FIGURES 117–124 )....................................... 19

2. Lateral carina and medial longitudinal carina of propodeal areola with duplicate carina ( Fig. 6 View FIGURES 1–7 in Gussakovskij, 1938)............................................................................. T. ( T.) duplicata Gussakovskij, 1938

- Lateral carina and medial longitudinal carina of propodeal areola without duplicate carina........................... 3

3. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one short, transverse carina outside of areola...................................................................................................... T. ( T.) brevicarinata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Propodeal dorsal face laterally without short, transverse carina outside of areola................................... 4

4. Tegula more than 1.5× as long as middle width.............................................................. 5

- Tegula ( Figs 1 View FIGURES 1–7 , 37 View FIGURES 34–39 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width................................................... 7

5. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina ( Fig. 2C View FIGURES 1–7 in Chen, 1995)........................................................................... T. ( T.) mutata Chen, 1995

- Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina......... 6

6. Lateral groove of S1 longer than posterior half, reaching the anterior apex...................... T. ( T.) yangi Chen, 1995

- Lateral groove of S1 shorter than posterior half....................................... T. ( T.) yushana Tsuneki, 1986

7. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal and lateral carinae (Plate 2, Fig. 12 View FIGURES 8–15 in Allen & Jaynes, 1930)........................................................... T. ( T.) lyrata Magretti, 1892

- Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal and lateral carinae, only with medial longitudinal carina.................................................................................... 8

8. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line ( Fig. 1H View FIGURES 1–7 in Han & Kim, 2009)............................. 9

- Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line ( Fig. 37 View FIGURES 34–39 )........................................... 12

9. Apex of clypeus medially truncated (Fig. 159 in Tsuneki, 1985).................... T. ( T.) yonaguniensis Tsuneki, 1985

- Apex of clypeus medially emarginated................................................................... 10

10. Subposterior area of T1 with 2–3 transverse rows of punctures ( Fig. 40 View FIGURES 40–44 in Tsuneki, 1986a).... T. ( T.) ilanensis Tsuneki, 1986

- Subposterior area of T1 with one transverse row of punctures................................................. 11

11. Vertex, pronotum and mesoscutum with smooth interspaces between punctures.............................................................................................. T. ( T.) rufomandibulata rufomandibulata Smith, 1873

- Vertex, pronotum and mesoscutum with coriaceous interspaces between punctures........ T. ( T.) r. taipeiana Tsuneki, 1986

12. Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove connecting notaulus................................................. 13

- Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove separated from notaulus ( Figs 37 View FIGURES 34–39 , 60 View FIGURES 60–66 )................................... 14

13. Mid and hind femora bright red; pygidium anteriorly with dense punctures................... T. ( T.) scutensis Allen, 1975

- Mid and hind femora black; pygidium anteriorly with a few scattered punctures.... T. ( T.) totopunctata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

14. Pronotum latero-ventrally with distinct groove in middle ( Figs 106 View FIGURES 103–110 , 140 View FIGURES 136–143 )........................................ 15

- Pronotum latero-ventrally without distinct groove in middle...................... T. ( T.) cilicincta Allen & Jaynes, 1930

15. Apex of clypeus medially truncated or rounded ( Figs 2 View FIGURES 1–7 , 104 View FIGURES 103–110 ).................................................. 16

- Apex of clypeus medially emarginated ( Figs 61 View FIGURES 60–66 , 137 View FIGURES 136–143 )........................................................ 18

16. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina............................. T. ( T.) sternocarinata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- S1 ( Figs 6 View FIGURES 1–7 , 109 View FIGURES 103–110 ) anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina................................................. 17

17. Wings completely transparent ( Fig. 1 View FIGURES 1–7 ); anterior half of pygidium ( Fig. 7 View FIGURES 1–7 ) with sparse small punctures mixed with some big ones............................................................ T. ( T.) flavobrunnea Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov.

- Wings infuscate ( Fig. 103 View FIGURES 103–110 ); anterior half of pygidium ( Fig. 110 View FIGURES 103–110 ) with dense and continuous punctures................................................................................................ T. ( T.) lawrencei Allen, 1975

18. Mid and hind femora ( Fig. 136 View FIGURES 136–143 ) bright red; propodeal areola ( Fig. 142 View FIGURES 136–143 ) irregularly pitted along inner and outer margins of both lateral and medial longitudinal carinae............................................ T. ( T.) weismani Krombein, 1982

- Mid and hind femora ( Fig. 60 View FIGURES 60–66 ) black; propodeal areola ( Fig. 66 View FIGURES 60–66 ) normal, not pitted along inner and outer margins of both lateral and medial longitudinal carinae............................................... T. ( T.) wuyiana Chen & Yang, 2003

19. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina.......... 20

- Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina, only with medial longitudinal carina............................................................................. 21

20. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one obliquely longitudinal carina outside of areola....... T. ( T.) compressa Smith, 1855

- Propodeal dorsal face laterally without longitudinal carina outside of areola............... T. ( T.) wushensis Tsuneki, 1986

21. Apex of clypeus medially triangular ( Fig. 62 View FIGURES 60–66 in Tsuneki, 1986a)....................... T. ( T.) triangulata Tsuneki, 1986

- Apex of clypeus medially truncated or emarginated ( Figs 9 View FIGURES 8–15 , 82 View FIGURES 80–88 , 127)........................................... 22

22. Propodeal dorsal face laterally (Fig. 131) with regularly strong sculpture outside of areola................................................................................................... T. ( T.) toreuta Boni Bartalucci, 2010

- Propodeal dorsal face laterally without regularly strong sculpture outside of areola................................ 23

23. Tegula ( Fig. 13 View FIGURES 8–15 ) more than 1.5× as long as middle width..................................................... 24

- Tegula ( Figs 16 View FIGURES 16–21 , 25 View FIGURES 22–27 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width................................................. 27

24. Subposterior area of T1 close to middle, and ( Fig. 14 View FIGURES 8–15 ) medially with one transverse row of short longitudinal striae......................................................................... T. ( T.) longistria Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov.

- Subposterior area of T1 close to apex, and without one transverse row of short longitudinal striae..................... 25

25. Frons with medial longitudinal impunctate area............................ T. ( T.) longitegulata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Frons without medial longitudinal impunctate area.......................................................... 26

26. Apex of clypeus medially truncated; T1 slightly longer than middle width, semicircular shape.................................................................................................... T. ( T.) alishana Ishikawa, 1967

- Apex of clypeus medially slightly emarginated; T1 distinctly less than 0.5× as long as middle width, subrectangle shape ( Fig. 49 View FIGURES 45–49 in Tsuneki, 1986a)........................................................ T. ( T.) tsukengensis Tsuneki, 1986

27. Pygidium impunctate, only with dense long striae reaching posterior apex....................................... 28

- Pygidium anteriorly and medially with dense or sparse punctures, posteriorly smooth or coriaceous ( Figs 20 View FIGURES 16–21 , 27 View FIGURES 22–27 , 44 View FIGURES 40–44 , 88 View FIGURES 80–88 , 124 View FIGURES 117–124 ) .................................................................................................. 31

28. Lower frons with dense punctures....................................................................... 29

- Lower frons with sparse punctures....................................................................... 30

29. Pronotal dorsal face medially with one transverse row of big and deep punctures..... T. ( T.) ordinaria ordinaria Smith, 1873

- Pronotal dorsal face medially with one transverse row of small and shallow punctures........ T. ( T.) o. atayal Tsuneki, 1986

30. S6 posteriorly with medial short longitudinal carina................ T. ( T.) brevilineata brevilineata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- S6 posteriorly without medial short longitudinal carina............................ T. ( T.) b. formosana Tsuneki, 1986

31. Mandible with distinct medial transverse groove ( Fig. 1K View FIGURES 1–7 in Han & Kim 2009).......... T. ( T.) popilliavora Rohwer, 1924

- Mandible ( Figs 17 View FIGURES 16–21 , 23 View FIGURES 22–27 , 41 View FIGURES 40–44 , 82 View FIGURES 80–88 , 118 View FIGURES 117–124 ) without distinct medial transverse groove, atmost with obsolete intermittent impressed line............................................................................................... 32

32. Posterior half of pronotum medially with short, shallow and longitudinal line ( Fig. 1L View FIGURES 1–7 in Han & Kim 2009)........................................................................................... T. ( T.) vernalis Rohwer, 1924

- Posterior half of pronotum medially without short, shallow and longitudinal line.................................. 33

33. Each of tibiae with two spurs apically........................................... T. ( T.) unicolor ( Lepeletier, 1845)

- Fore tibia with one spur apically, mid tibia with one to two spurs apically, hind tibia with two spurs apically............ 34

34. Mid and hind femora bright red ( Fig. 80 View FIGURES 80–88 ); lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular shape ( Fig. 86 View FIGURES 80–88 )...................................................................................... 35

- Mid and hind femora black or light brown ( Figs 16 View FIGURES 16–21 , 22 View FIGURES 22–27 , 40 View FIGURES 40–44 , 117 View FIGURES 117–124 ); lateral carina of propodeal areola convergent posteriorly or subparallel, providing subtrapezoidal or subrectangular shape ( Figs 21 View FIGURES 16–21 , 25 View FIGURES 22–27 , 43 View FIGURES 40–44 , 121 View FIGURES 117–124 )............................... 40

35. Subposterior area T1 with one transverse row of punctures................................................... 36

- Subposterior area of T1 with irregularly scattered punctures................................................... 38

36. Frons and vertex with smooth interspaces between punctures; tegula red and semitransparent...... T. ( T.) agilis Smith, 1873

- Frons and vertex with coriaceous interspaces between punctures; tegula dark red and opaque........................ 37

37. Pronotum latero-ventrally with complete groove and deep punctures in middle...... T. ( T.) pigmentata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Pronotum latero-ventrally with interrupted groove in middle, without deep punctures....... T. ( T.) taiwana Ishikawa, 1967

38. Lower frons with dense punctures ( Fig. 82 View FIGURES 80–88 )........................................... T. ( T.) dayi Krombein, 1982

- Lower frons with sparse punctures....................................................................... 39

39. Head, mesosoma and metasoma with coriaceous interspaces between punctures in dorsal view.................................................................................................. T. ( T.) femorata ( Fabricius, 1775)

- Head, mesosoma and metasoma with smooth interspaces between punctures in dorsal view......................................................................................... T. ( T.) femorata biseculata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

40. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse weak, impressed line............................................... 41

- Posterior margin of tegula without transverse weak, impressed line ( Figs 25 View FIGURES 22–27 , 43 View FIGURES 40–44 ).................................. 42

41. Mesopleuron with coriaceous interspaces between punctures............................. T. ( T.) alticola Tsuneki, 1986

- Mesopleuron with smooth interspaces between punctures.............................. T. ( T.) takasago Tsuneki, 1986

42. Apex of clypeus medially truncated...................................................................... 43

- Apex of clypeus medially emarginated or slightly emarginated ( Figs 17 View FIGURES 16–21 , 23 View FIGURES 22–27 , 41 View FIGURES 40–44 , 118 View FIGURES 117–124 )............................... 50

43. T1 anteriorly with dense and minute punctures........................................ T. ( T.) tibetana Turner, 1908

- T1 anteriorly without dense and minute punctures.......................................................... 44

44. S1 without lateral groove........................................................ T. ( T.) minutostriata Ma, 1936

- S1 with lateral groove on posterior half................................................................... 45

45. Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove connecting notaulus.............................. T. ( T.) frater Parker, 1935

- Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove separated from notaulus.............................................. 46

46. Pygidium posteriorly smooth...................................................... T. ( T.) sternata Parker, 1935

- Pygidium ( Fig. 44 View FIGURES 40–44 ) posteriorly with a few longitudinal striae.................................................. 47

47. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina or impunctate area............................................... 48

- Frons without medial longitudinal narrow carina or impunctate area............................................ 49

48. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina; vertex laterally with dense punctures along inner margin of eye................................................................................ T. ( T.) inconspicua Allen & Jaynes 1930

- Frons ( Fig. 41 View FIGURES 40–44 ) with medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area; vertex laterally ( Fig. 42 View FIGURES 40–44 ) with sparse punctures along inner margin of eye............................................................... T. ( T.) mongolica Tsuneki, 1986

49. Anterior carina of pronotum complete and strong.......................... T. ( T.) minutopunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930

- Anterior carina of pronotum incomplete, medially weak.............................. T. ( T.) choui Chen & Yang, 1991

50. Second intercubital vein of forewing nearly straight ( Fig. 22 View FIGURES 22–27 )................................................. 51

- Second intercubital vein of forewing strongly or slightly sinuous ( Figs 16 View FIGURES 16–21 , 117 View FIGURES 117–124 )................................... 52

51. Propodeal areola with complete sharp medial longitudinal carina approaching posterior margin of areola.................................................................................... T. ( T.) nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Propodeal areola ( Fig. 25 View FIGURES 22–27 ) with interrupted medial longitudinal carina reaching posterior 1/2 of areola............................................................................................ T. ( T.) chihpenchia Tsuneki, 1986

52. Surface of propodeal areola smooth ( Fig. 121 View FIGURES 117–124 )............................................................. 53

- Surface of propodeal areola coriaceous ( Fig. 21 View FIGURES 16–21 )............................................................ 55

53. Lower frons with sparse punctures............................................ T. ( T.) pempuchiensis Tsuneki, 1986

- Lower frons ( Fig. 118 View FIGURES 117–124 ) with dense punctures............................................................... 54

54. Propodeal areola ( Fig. 121 View FIGURES 117–124 ) normal, not pitted along inner margin of lateral carina............ T. ( T.) s-secunda Allen, 1975

- Propodeal areola irregularly pitted along inner margin of lateral carina.............. T. ( T.) retincisura Chen & Yang, 1991

55. Pronotum latero-ventrally without distinct groove in middle............................. T. ( T.) hohrai Tsuneki, 1986

- Pronotum latero-ventrally with distinct groove in middle..................................................... 56

56. Pygidium ( Fig. 20 View FIGURES 16–21 ) with medial longitudinal carina..................... T. ( T.) mediocarinata Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov.

- Pygidium without medial longitudinal carina.............................................................. 57

57. S1 anteriorly with coarse punctures............................................. T. ( T.) jinana Yang & Chen, 1988

- S1 anteriorly without coarse punctures................................................................... 58

58. Anterior half of pronotum with sparse punctures...................................... T. ( T.) horiana Tsuneki, 1986

- Anterior half of pronotum with dense punctures.................................... T. ( T.) malayana Cameron, 1910

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1. Tegula more than 1.5× as long as middle width.............................................................. 2

- Tegula ( Fig. 48 View FIGURES 45–49 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width..................................................... 6

2. T1 1.7× longer than wide, and its lateral margin elongated ( Fig. 53 View FIGURES 50–54 in Tsuneki, 1986a; Fig. 1I View FIGURES 1–7 in Chen, 1995)............ 3

- T1 slightly longer than wide, and its lateral margin elliptic or hemispheric........................................ 4

3. S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina and punctures............................... T. ( T.) yangi Chen, 1995

- S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina, and with a few scattered punctures............ T. ( T.) yushana Tsuneki, 1986

4. Lateral carina of propodeal areola strongly convergent posteriorly, providing inverted triangular shape..................................................................................... T. ( T.) longitegulata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Lateral carina of propodeal areola slightly convergent posteriorly, providing subtrapezoidal shape..................... 5

5. Pronotum latero-ventrally with oblique striae............................................ T. ( T.) mutata Chen, 1995

- Pronotum latero-ventrally without oblique striae..................................... T. ( T.) alishana Ishikawa, 1967

6. S5 without lateral denticle ( Fig. 95 View FIGURES 89–95 )....................................................................... 7

- S5 with lateral denticle ( Figs 32 View FIGURES 28–33 , 53 View FIGURES 50–54 , 71 View FIGURES 67–72 , 79 View FIGURES 73–79 , 101 View FIGURES 96–102 , 115 View FIGURES 111–116 )....................................................... 16

7. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one oblique carina outside of areola.............. T. ( T.) wuyiana Chen & Yang, 2003

- Propodeal dorsal face laterally without oblique carina outside of areola........................................... 8

8. Propodeal dorsal face ( Fig. 93 View FIGURES 89–95 ) densely with minute striae mixed with punctures, more or less reticulate.................................................................................................. T. ( T.) dutti Allen, 1975

- Propodeal dorsal face almost impunctate and with several sparse punctures, or with irregular striae.................... 9

9. Apex of marginal cell of forewing equal to or only slightly exceeding second submarginal cell....................... 10

- Apex of marginal cell of forewing distinctly exceeding second submarginal cell................................... 13

10. Lower frons with sparse punctures..................................... T. ( T.) brevilineata formosana Tsuneki, 1986

- Lower frons with dense punctures, somewhat reticulate...................................................... 11

11. Apex of clypeus truncated in middle............................................... T. ( T.) vallicola Tsuneki, 1986

- Apex of clypeus deeply emarginated in middle ( Fig. 69 View FIGURES 67–72 in Tsuneki, 1986a)....................................... 12

12. S1 anteriorly with dense and coarse punctures, posteriorly smooth........................ T. ( T.) ordinaria Smith, 1873

- S1 wholly smooth, with a few scattered punctures................................. T. ( T.) lihyuehtana Tsuneki, 1986

13. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina.............................................................. 14

- Frons without medial longitudinal narrow carina........................................................... 15

14. Subposterior area of T1 with two transverse rows of punctures ( Fig. 59 View FIGURES 55–59 in Tsuneki, 1986a).... T. ( T.) puliensis Tsuneki, 1986

- Subposterior area of T1 with one transverse row of or a few scattered punctures...... T. ( T.) cilicincta Allen & Jaynes, 1930

15. Frons laterally with dense punctures along inner margin of eye..................... T. ( T.) kotoshensis Yasumatsu, 1938

- Frons laterally with sparse punctures along inner margin of eye........................... T. ( T.) flavipes Tsuneki, 1986

16. S5 with lateral denticle obsolete......................................................................... 17

- S5 with lateral denticle strong ( Figs 32 View FIGURES 28–33 , 53 View FIGURES 50–54 , 71 View FIGURES 67–72 , 79 View FIGURES 73–79 , 101 View FIGURES 96–102 , 115 View FIGURES 111–116 ).................................................. 25

17. Apex of clypeus medially truncated...................................................................... 18

- Apex of clypeus medially emarginated................................................................... 19

18. Lateral carina of propodeal areola distinctly convergent posteriorly, providing trapezoidal shape; propodeal areola with indistinct medial longitudinal carina, atmost reaching posterior 2/3 of areola......................... T. ( T.) lyrata Magretti, 1892

- Lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular shape; propodeal areola with complete medial longitudinal carina, extending posterior margin of areola...................... T. ( T.) unicolor ( Lepeletier, 1845)

19. Subposterior area of T1 distinctly with one transverse row of punctures ( Fig. 87 View FIGURES 80–88 in Tsuneki, 1986a)................................................................................................... T. ( T.) piqua Tsuneki, 1986

- Subposterior area of T1 with 2–3 transverse rows of punctures or irregularly scattered punctures..................... 20

20. Subposterior area of T1 not depressed.................................................................... 21

- Subposterior area of T1 depressed....................................................................... 22

21. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina...................................... T. ( T.) chinensis Morawitz, 1889

- S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina..................................... T. ( T.) femorata Fabricius 1775

22. Surface of S1 with coarse punctures................................................. T. ( T.) bunun Tsuneki, 1986

- Surface of S1 with sparse punctures, interspaces smooth..................................................... 23

23. Lateral carina of propodeal areola distinctly convergent posteriorly, providing trapezoidal shape........................................................................................... T. ( T.) inconspicua Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Lateral carina of propodeal areola subparallel posteriorly, providing subrectangular shape........................... 24

24. Lower frons with big punctures mixed with dense minute punctures..................... T. ( T.) mongolica Tsuneki, 1986

- Lower frons with moderate punctures, without minute punctures........................... T. ( T.) sternata Parker, 1935

25. S5 with one deep orifice ( Fig. 1N View FIGURES 1–7 in Han & Kim 2009)...................................................... 26

- S5 without one deep orifice ( Figs 32 View FIGURES 28–33 , 53 View FIGURES 50–54 , 71 View FIGURES 67–72 , 79 View FIGURES 73–79 , 101 View FIGURES 96–102 , 115 View FIGURES 111–116 )................................................... 30

26. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line..................................................... 27

- Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line.................................................. 28

27. Tegula black............................................... T. ( T.) rufomandibulata rufomandibulata Smith, 1873

- Tegula dark brown or red brown................................................ T. ( T.) r. taipeiana Tsuneki, 1986

28. Subposterior area of T1 depressed.............................................. T. ( T.) porata Chen & Yang, 1990

- Subposterior area of T1 not depressed.................................................................... 29

29. T3–T5 posteriorly with sparse punctures..................................... T. ( T.) singularis Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- T3–T5 posteriorly with dense punctures............................................ T. ( T.) ilanensis Tsuneki, 1986

30. Apex of marginal cell of forewing open ( Fig. 67 View FIGURES 67–72 ); T2–T6 and S2–S5 posteriorly with rows of conspicuous dark–orange setae ( Figs 67, 71 View FIGURES 67–72 )..................................................................... T. ( T.) aurata Allen, 1975

- Apex of marginal cell of forewing closed ( Figs 28 View FIGURES 28–33 , 45 View FIGURES 45–49 , 50 View FIGURES 50–54 , 55 View FIGURES 55–59 , 73 View FIGURES 73–79 , 81 View FIGURES 80–88 , 96 View FIGURES 96–102 , 111 View FIGURES 111–116 , 126); T2–T6 and S2–S5 posteriorly without rows of conspicuous dark–orange setae....................................................................... 31

31. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line..................................................... 32

- Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line ( Fig. 48 View FIGURES 45–49 )........................................... 35

32. T1 antero-laterally with obtuse prominence ( Fig. 3D View FIGURES 1–7 in Yang & Chen 1988)......... T. ( T.) brachypoda Yang & Chen, 1988

- T1 antero-laterally without obtuse prominence............................................................. 33

33. Clypeus only with dense big punctures, without minute punctues................... T. ( T.) yonaguniensis Tsuneki, 1985

- Clypeus with dense big punctures mixed with minute punctures ( Fig. 75 View FIGURES 73–79 in Tsuneki, 1986a)......................... 34

34. T1 about as wide as long, subposterior area with two transverse rows of punctures ( Figs 79 View FIGURES 73–79 , 80 View FIGURES 80–88 in Tsuneki, 1986a)...................................................................................... T. ( T.) hokkien Tsuneki, 1986

- T1 wider than long, subposterior area with one transverse row of punctures............. T. ( T.) fortidentata Tsuneki, 1986

35. Apex of marginal cell of forewing equal to or only slightly exceeding second submarginal cell ( Figs 28 View FIGURES 28–33 , 50 View FIGURES 50–54 , 111 View FIGURES 111–116 )........ 36

- Apex of marginal cell of forewing ( Figs 45 View FIGURES 45–49 , 55 View FIGURES 55–59 , 73 View FIGURES 73–79 , 81 View FIGURES 80–88 , 96 View FIGURES 96–102 , 126) distinctly exceeding second submarginal cell........... 43

36. Mandible with preapical denticle ( Fig. 112 View FIGURES 111–116 )........................................ T. ( T.) pulchaukiae Allen, 1775

- Mandible without preapical denticle ( Figs 29 View FIGURES 28–33 , 51 View FIGURES 50–54 )........................................................... 37

37. Posterior half of S1 with dense minute punctures...................... T. ( T.) femorata biseculata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Posterior half of S1 smooth ( Figs 33 View FIGURES 28–33 , 54 View FIGURES 50–54 ).................................................................. 38

38. Tegula red and semitransparent; fore and mid tibiae bright red................................................. 39

- Tegula opaque, dark brown, reddish brown or black; fore and mid tibiae brown, reddish brown or black ( Figs 28 View FIGURES 28–33 , 50 View FIGURES 50–54 )..... 40

39. Subposterior area of T1 not depressed; clypeus with dense punctures close to apex.............. T. ( T.) agilis Smith, 1873

- Subposterior area of T1 slightly depressed; apex of clypeus medially impunctate ( Fig. 2A View FIGURES 1–7 in Yang & Chen, 1988)................................................................................. T. ( T.) decorosa Yang & Chen, 1988

40. Pronotal dorsal face with protruding corner at shoulder ( Fig. 3B View FIGURES 1–7 in Chen & Yang, 1990).. T. ( T.) oxycera Chen & Yang, 1990

- Pronotal dorsal face without protruding corner at shoulder.................................................... 41

41. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina..................................... T. ( T.) popilliavora Rohwer, 1924

- S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina ( Figs 33 View FIGURES 28–33 , 54 View FIGURES 50–54 )................................................. 42

42. Apex of clypeus strongly narrow, CAW equal to IAD ( Fig. 29 View FIGURES 28–33 )........................ T. ( T.) choui Chen & Yang, 1991

- Apex of clypeus relatively wider, CAW distinctly wider than IAD ( Fig. 51 View FIGURES 50–54 )........ T. ( T.) pigmentata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

43. Mandible with preapical denticle ( Figs 83 View FIGURES 80–88 , 97 View FIGURES 96–102 , 128)......................................................... 44

- Mandible without preapical denticle ( Figs 46 View FIGURES 45–49 , 56 View FIGURES 55–59 , 74 View FIGURES 73–79 )........................................................ 48

44. Lateral surface of propodeum without long oblique wrinkles............................................................................................................................. T. ( T.) nana Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Lateral surface of propodeum ( Fig. 99 View FIGURES 96–102 ) dorsally with strong long oblique wrinkles, ventrally without wrinkles........... 45

45. Lower frons ( Fig. 97 View FIGURES 96–102 ) with medial longitudinal narrow carina................................................. 46

- Lower frons (Fig. 128) without medial longitudinal narrow carina.............................................. 47

46. S1 ( Fig. 100 View FIGURES 96–102 ) with lateral groove approaching anterior apex.............................. T. ( T.) incisa Cameron, 1897

- S1 without lateral groove................................................... T. ( T.) orientalis Chen & Yang, 2003

47. Posterior transverse carina of propodeal areola (Fig. 132) absent.................... T. ( T.) toreuta Boni Bartalucci, 2010

- Posterior transverse carina of propodeal areola ( Fig. 87 View FIGURES 80–88 ) present.......................... T. ( T.) dayi Krombein, 1982

48. S1 with lateral groove on posterior half ( Fig. 47 View FIGURES 45–49 )........................................................... 49

- S1 without lateral groove ( Fig. 78 View FIGURES 73–79 )....................................................................... 58

49. S1 anteriorly smooth............................................................... T. ( T.) frater Parker, 1935

- S1 anteriorly with coarse or deep or shallow punctures....................................................... 50

50. Subposterior area of T1 not depressed.................................................................... 51

- Subposterior area of T1 slightly or distinctly depressed...................................................... 52

51. Subposterior area of T1 distinctly with one transverse row of punctures ( Figs 81–82 View FIGURES 80–88 in Tsuneki, 1986a)........................................................................................... T. ( T.) chihpenchia Tsuneki, 1986

- Subposterior area of T1 with a few scattered punctures............................ T. ( T.) pempuchiensis Tsuneki, 1986

52. S1 posteriorly with transverse depressed groove..................................... T. ( T.) wushensis Tsuneki, 1986

- S1 ( Fig. 47 View FIGURES 45–49 ) posteriorly without transverse depressed groove.................................................. 53

53. Clypeus ( Fig. 46 View FIGURES 45–49 ) apically smooth........................................ T. ( T.) nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Clypeus apically with coarse and dense punctures........................................................... 54

54. Frons with medial longitudinal carina or groove............................................................ 55

- Frons without medial longitudinal carina and groove........................................................ 56

55. Frons with medial longitudinal carina; pronotum antero-ventrally with irregular pits......... T. ( T.) vernalis Rohwer, 1924

- Frons with medial longitudinal groove; pronotum antero-ventrally smooth............... T. ( T.) chungshani Tsuneki, 1986

56. S6 with medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area......................................................... 57

- S6 without medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area................................. T. ( T.) changi Tsuneki, 1986

57. Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with dense long oblique wrinkles................. T. ( T.) malayana Cameron, 1910

- Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with sparser long oblique wrinkles than the above species............................................................................................. T. ( T.) fukiensis Allen & Jaynes, 1930

58. T1 distinctly elongate, 1.6× as long as wide.......................................... T. ( T.) tibetana Turner, 1908

- T1 ( Figs 55 View FIGURES 55–59 , 73 View FIGURES 73–79 ) not distinctly elongate, 1.3× as long as wide.................................................. 59

59. Subposterior area of T1 with one transverse puncture groove ( Fig. 1S View FIGURES 1–7 in Han & Kim 2009).................................................................................... T. ( T.) brevilineata brevilineata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Subposterior area of T1 without transverse puncture groove ( Figs 55 View FIGURES 55–59 , 73 View FIGURES 73–79 )........................................ 60

60. Lateral carina of propodeal areola slightly convergent posteriorly, providing subtrapezoidal shape................................................................................................ T. ( T.) wangpeisunana Ma, 1936

- Lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular or square shape ( Figs 59 View FIGURES 55–59 , 77 View FIGURES 73–79 )........ 61

61. Upper frons almost impunctate................................................... T. ( T.) compressa Smith, 1855

- Upper frons with sparse punctures ( Figs 56 View FIGURES 55–59 , 74 View FIGURES 73–79 )............................................................ 62

62. Vertex ( Fig. 57 View FIGURES 55–59 ) with coriaceous interspaces between punctures......................... T. ( T.) taiwana Ishikawa, 1967

- Vertex ( Fig. 75 View FIGURES 73–79 ) with smooth interspaces between punctures.......................... T. ( T.) borneana Cameron, 1907