Talitroides alluaudi ( Chevreux, 1896 )

Talitroides alluaudi ( Chevreux, 1896) View in CoL

( Figs. 1–3 View Figure 1 View Figure 2 View Figure 3 )

Talitrus Alluaudi Chevreux, 1896: 112 , figs. 1–4; – Chevreux, 1901: 389, figs. 1–6. − Stephensen, 1924: 197.− Chevreux and Fage, 1925: 270, figs.280–281.

Talitroides bonnieri Stebbing, 1906: 527 .

Orchestia senni Menzel, 1911: 438 , figs. 4–9.

Talitrus alluaudi − Shoemaker, 1936: 60. − Hurley, 1955: 147 (key).

Talitroides alluaudi View in CoL − Stephensen, 1943: 295. − Palmén, 1947: 61, figs 1–12. − Andersson, 1962: 211, figs. 1–3. − Vader, 1972: 32. − Bousfield and Howarth, 1976: 149. − Biernbaum, 1980: 108. − Morino and Ortal, 1993: 333, figs. 1–2.

Talitrus (Talitroides) alluaudi − Hurley, 1975: 162. − Lemos de Castro and Pereira, 1978: 47, figs. 1–12.

Material examined. State of Rio de Janeiro – 3 males, 41 females (12 ovigerous), 40 juveniles, Rio de Janeiro, Madureira, 1976, MNRJ 9717 View Materials . State of São Paulo – 1 male, 4 females (1 ovigerous), 1 juvenile, São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo ( USP), Depósito de Fisiologia , 1972, MNRJ 9752 View Materials . State of Rio Grande do Sul – 8 females, 1 juvenile, Porto Alegre, Campus of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ( UFRGS), Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas ( IPH), 16/02/1989, MNRJ 24800 View Materials ( UFRGS 2133 View Materials ) .

Redescription. Female, 6.2 mm, MNRJ 9717. Eyes oval. Antenna 1 reaching end of peduncular article 5 of antenna 2; flagellum with 5 articles.Antenna 2 reaching about 1/5 body length; flagellum with 8 articles. Upper lip rounded. Mandibles incisor 5-toothed; left lacinia mobilis 4-toothed and right lacinia 3-toothed; spine row of broad plumose bristles; molar strong and triturative. Lower lip without internal lobe; external lobe well developed, with two rows of simple setae, marginal and sub-marginal; mandibular lobe rounded. Maxilla 1 inner plate narrow with 2 papposerrate setae distally; outer plate with 9 serrated setae distally; palp vestigial, 2-articulated. Maxilla 2 inner plate distal margin oblique, distolaterally pointed, with many robust distal setae and 1 papposerrate seta; outer plate with long robust setae distally. Maxilliped inner plate with set of pappose setae and 3 robust triangular setae on each side; outer plate rounded; 4-articulated palp, articles 1–3 with single seta in lateral-distal angle (1-1-1), article 4 triangular and small.

Gnathopod 1 simple; dactyl cuspidate. Gnathopod 2 coxa almost 2x width of coxa 1, as wide as deep; ischium 2x as long as ischium of gnathopod 1; merus and carpus with posterodistal tumescence; propodus mitten-shaped, with posterior lobe; small dactyl about half length of lobe. Pereopod 3 slightly longer than pereopod 4; dactyl with smooth prominence on posterior margin. Pereopod 4 with dactylar dentition. Pereopod 5 similar, but smaller than pereopods 6 and 7; coxa anterior lobe wider and deeper than posterior. Pereopod 6 coxa posterior lobe wider and deeper than anterior; basis wider than that of pereopod 5. Pereopod 7 slightly longer than pereopod 6; coxa short; basis subcircular. Pereopods 3–7 cuspidactylate. Coxal gills on gnathopod 2 to pereopod 6. Coxal gill 2 with 2 lobes and crenulations on distal margin. Gills of pereopod 3–5 twisted, similar sizes, smaller than gill of gnathopod 2. Coxal gill 6 L-shaped, without lobes. Oostegites present on pereopods 3–5.

Epimera 1–3 with postero-ventral angle pointed. Pleopod 1 outer ramus 7-articulated and inner ramus 2-articulated, with 2 apical plumose setae. Pleopod 2 outer ramus 6-articulated and inner ramus 1-articulated, with 1–2 apical plumose setae. Pleopod 3 lacking ramus. Uropod 1 peduncle with distolateral robust seta with annulation slightly marked distally, without strangulation, apex not abruptly narrowed (simple apex) ( Fig. 3C View Figure 3 ); rami subequal, shorter than peduncle; inner ramus with 5 apical robust setae; outer ramus with 4 apical robust setae. Uropod 2 peduncle with 3 posterodistal robust setae, middle robust seta the longest and distal robust seta the shortest; rami subequal, same length of peduncle; inner ramus with 5 robust apical setae; outer ramus with 4 robust apical setae. Uropod 3 uniramous, peduncle with 1 lateral robust seta; ramus about 1/3 peduncle length, not exceeding distal end of telson, with 1 robust apical seta. Telson distally rounded without dorsal midline, with 4–5 robust setae on each side.

Male, 4 mm, MNRJ 9717. No sexual dimorphism.

Type locality: Serres de La Ville de Paris , Boulogne sur Seine, France ( Morino and Ortal, 1993) .

Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Seychelles ( Chevreux, 1901), Java Island, Gambier Islands, Taumotue Islands, Magareva Island ( Shoemaker, 1936), Polynesian Islands ( Hurley, 1975), Australia region (Friend and Richardson, 1 9 8 6). Hawaii: Kauai Island (in caves) (Bousfield a n d Howarth, 1976), O’ahu ( Richardson, 1991). Asia: Israel ( Morino and Ortal, 1993). Europe: Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Scotland, England, Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Hungary and Poland ( Stephensen, 1924; Vader, 1972). Canary Islands, A zores (Hurley, 1 9 7 5). Africa: Madagascar ( Ruffo, 1958). North America: greenhouses in Ohio ( Visscher and Heimlich, 1930), New Jersey ( Shoemaker, 1936), South Carolina ( Biernbaum, 1980); Canada ( Hurley, 1975). Brazil: Rio de Janeiro ( Lemos de Castro and Pereira, 1978), São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul (present study) ( Fig. 7 View Figure 7 ).

Ecology. Found in forests of tropics, subtropics and warm temperate regions, and also from greenhouses of Europe and North America ( Friend and Richardson, 1986). In Brazil, T. alluaudi was also found in urban areas of Rio de Janeiro, in a moist environment under rubbish ( Lemos de Castro and Pereira, 1978) and among the litter of green areas of Universities of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul (present study).

Remarks. Some differences among T. alluaudi descriptions were noticed, even among Chevreux (1896) and Chevreux and Fage (1925), which treated material from the same locality ( Tab. 1).

The specimens analyzed herein agree with the description of the lectotype in presenting diagnostic features s u c h as: absence of oostegite 2; inner ramus of pleopod 1 2-articulated; inner ramus of pleopod 2 1-articulated and dactylar dentition present in pereopod 4. Morino and Ortal (1993) described the article 4 of maxilliped as partially fused to article 3. The material analyzed herein showed a complete separation between articles 3 and 4. Difference in the number of robust setae on telson was noticed, with the Brazilian material having from 4–5 setae on each side instead of 3–4 setae described by these authors. Nevertheless, dactylar dentition noticed by these authors in pereopod 4 was also seen in all our specimens, including the juveniles, being an important diagnostic feature to be considered. Morino and Ortal (1993) also described a slight prominence in the dactyl of pereopod 3 in most of his material, but individuals from Azores had a dactylar dentition similar to that of the pereopod 4. In all specimens analyzed herein the dactylar dentition in pereopod 3 was much weaker than that of pereopod 4. In individuals collected in IPH (Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas), UFRGS, Rio Grande do Sul, also a prominence in dactyl of pereopods 5 was observed, similar to that of pereopod 3. Chevreux (1901) also mentioned a dactylar dentition on pereopod 5.

Variations in pleopods 1–3 are also a recurrent theme in studies of T. alluaudi as shown by Palmén (1947) with specimens from Finland. The pleopod 1 may have 1 or 2 articles in the inner ramus; pleopod 2 may have the first article of inner ramus more or less developed; pleopod 3 can be 1- or 2-articulated, in which the second is reduced and can have an apical seta. Morino and Ortal (1993) described inner ramus of pleopod 1 mostly with 2 articles, but there may be a variation of 1–4 articles, while the pleopod 2 always showed 1 article in the outer ramus, but one specimen in material from Azores had 3 articles. The samples analyzed here showed no variation in the number of articles in pleopods 1–3. They follow the predominant pattern described by Anderson (1962) and Morino and Ortal (1993).