Talitroides topitotum ( Burt, 1934 )

Talitroides topitotum ( Burt, 1934) View in CoL

( Figs. 4–6 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 )

Talitrus (Talitropsis) topitotum Burt, 1934: 184 , fig. 1. − Hurley, 1975: 162.

Talitrus decoratus Carl, 1934: 742 , figs. 1–6.

Talitrus sylvaticus Stephensen, 1935: 19 , figs. 1–3. − Shoemaker, 1936: 60, fig. 1 (non Haswell, 1879).

Talitroides sylvaticus Stephensen, 1943: 296 (non Haswell, 1879).

Talitrus (Talitroides) pacificus Hurley, 1955: 155 , fig. 3. − Ruffo, 1958: 41. − Lemos de Castro, 1972: 201, figs. 1–7. − Lemos de Castro and Pereira, 1978: 47.

Talitroides topitotum Vader, 1972: 33 View in CoL . − Biernbaum, 1980: 108. − Bousfield and Howarth, 1976: 150. − Bousfield, 1982: 55 (key). − Friend and Lam, 1985: 27, figs. 1–2. − Richardson, 1991: 200 (key). − Morino, 2013: 193, figs. 1–4.

Material examined. State of Rio de Janeiro − 9females (4 ovigerous), Teresópolis, 18/12/1975, MNRJ 9754 View Materials ; 13 females, 5 juveniles, Teresópolis, 25/01/1981, MNRJ 9755 View Materials ; 188 females (32 ovigerous), 13 juveniles, Petrópolis, 1974, MNRJ 11476 View Materials ; 1 female, Teresópolis, Cachoeira de Imbuí , 29/01/1976, MNRJ 11477 View Materials ; 15 females (2 ovigerous), 4 juveniles, Teresópolis, 30/01/1956, MNRJ 11478 View Materials ; 25 females (1 ovigerous), 3 juveniles, Rio de Janeiro , Parque Nacional da Tijuca, Cachoeira do Horto, 27/02/2000, MNRJ 21531 View Materials ; 1 female, Rio de Janeiro , Parque Nacional da Tijuca, Cachoeira do Primata, 06/03/2000, MNRJ 21532 View Materials ; 51 females (5 ovigerous), 63 juveniles, Rio de Janeiro , Cachoeira do Horto, Parque Nacional da Tijuca, 28/03/1999, MNRJ 21533 View Materials ; 18 females (3 ovigerous), 1 juvenile, Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, 06/09/2012, MNRJ 24812 View Materials ; 4 females (3 ovigerous), Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, 31/08/2013, MNRJ 24811 View Materials . State of São Paulo – 26 females (8 ovigerous), São Paulo, 03/1972, MNRJ 9696 View Materials ; 2 females, 1 juvenile, Barueri, Capoeirão, 15/08/1971, MNRJ 9749 View Materials ; 2 females (1 ovigerous), 3 juveniles, Barueri, Capoeirão, 23/02/1970, MNRJ 9751 View Materials ; 34 females, 10 juveniles, São Paulo , Universidade de São Paulo ( USP), Depósito de Fisiologia, 1972 MNRJ 9752 View Materials ; 15 females (6 ovigerous), São Paulo, Alto de Pinheiros , 31/03/1970, MNRJ 9753 View Materials ; 68 females (26 ovigerous), 1 juvenile, São Paulo , woods of Universidade de São Paulo ( USP), MNRJ 14470 View Materials ; 8 females, 3 juveniles, road between BR-116 and Barra do Turvo , Terra Seca, 10 km from the BR-116, 20/11/1999, MNRJ 14543 View Materials ; 40 females (6 ovigerous), Ribeirão Grande, Sumidouro, 03/2004, MNRJ 24804 View Materials . State of Minas Gerais – 13 females (6 ovigerous), Belo Horizonte, Nova Suíça, 1976, MNRJ 9756 View Materials . State of Paraná – 9 females (2 ovigerous), 5 juveniles, Piraquara, 05/04/1999, MNRJ 14468 View Materials ; 9 females, 29 juveniles, Balsa Nova, Serra de São Luiz , 07/03/1999, MNRJ 14469 View Materials ; 1 male; 37 females (5 ovigerous), 97 juvenile, São José dos Pinhais, dam of hydroeletric plant of Guaricana, 08/03/1999, MNRJ 14474 View Materials ; 7 females (1 ovigerous), 9 juvenile, Morretes, Parque Estadual Pico do Marumbi , 06−09/04/1999, MNRJ 14477 View Materials . State of Santa Catarina – 23 females (3 ovigerous), 47 juveniles, Blumenau, 29/03/1999, MNRJ 14479 View Materials ; 43 females (22 ovigerous), 38 juveniles, BR-280, 6 km from São Bentodo Sul, 19/02/1999, MNRJ 14544 View Materials ; 18 females, 2 juveniles, Campo Alegre, 18/08/1999, MNRJ 24807 View Materials ( UFRGS 3258 View Materials ) ; 1 female, Gravatal, Termas de Gravatal , 16/05/1991, MNRJ 24803 View Materials ( UFRGS 2129 View Materials ) ; 3 females (1 ovigerous), 1 juvenile, Orleães, after Barracão, MNRJ 24808 View Materials ( UFRGS 3257 View Materials ). State of Rio Grande do Sul – 78 females, 2 juveniles, Taquara, Santa Cruz do Pinhal , 29/10/2006, MNRJ 24805 View Materials ; 1 female, Torres, Morro Azul, 20/08/1999, MNRJ24806 View Materials ( UFRGS 3259 View Materials ) ; 35 females (10 ovigerous), Porto Alegre, 20/11/1980, MNRJ 24797 View Materials ( UFRGS 2134 View Materials ) ; 12 females, 1 juvenile, Porto Alegre, Vila Manresa, 05/04/1989, MNRJ 24801 View Materials ( UFRGS 2133 View Materials *) ; 1 female ovigerous, 1 juvenile, Viamão, Parque Saint Hilaire, 16/02/1989, MNRJ 24798 View Materials ( UFRGS 2132 View Materials *) ; 1 female, Pelotas, 02/10/1997, MNRJ 24809 View Materials ( UFRGS 2830 View Materials ) ; 7 females, 1 juvenile, Porto Alegre, Ipanema, 01/06/1993, MNRJ 24799 View Materials ( UFRGS 2131 View Materials ) ; 18 females, Porto Alegre, 12/1990, MNRJ 24802 View Materials ( UFRGS 2132 View Materials ) ; 4 females, 1 juvenile, São Francisco de Paula , Rincão dos Kroeff, 11/09/1998, MNRJ 24787 View Materials ( UFRGS 3233 View Materials ) ; 1 female, Itapeva, 10/09/1998, MNRJ 24788 View Materials ( UFRGS 3234 View Materials ) ; 1 female, Barra do Ouro , 11/09/1998, MNRJ 24789 View Materials ( UFRGS 3235 View Materials ) ; 1 female, Arroio Teixeira, 10/09/1998, MNRJ 24790 View Materials ( UFRGS 3236 View Materials ) ; 3 females, 1 juvenile, São Francisco de Paula , Rincão dos Kroeff, 11/09/1998, MNRJ 24791 View Materials ( UFRGS 3237 View Materials ) ; 24 females (5 ovigerous), 1 juvenile Rota do Sol , 24/09/1998, MNRJ 24792 View Materials ( UFRGS 3238 View Materials ) ; 1 female ovigerous, Maquiné, 11/09/1998, MNRJ 24793 View Materials ( UFRGS 3239 View Materials ) ; 1 female, #A18, MNRJ 24794 View Materials ( UFRGS 3241 View Materials ) ; 1 male, 4 female, 1 juvenile, #A54, MNRJ 24795 View Materials ( UFRGS 3242 View Materials ) ; 3 females, 1 juvenile #AE1, MNRJ 24796 View Materials ( UFRGS 3243 View Materials ) ; 11 females, 1 juvenile, Viamão, Águas Claras, Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos, 28−29/06/2011, MNRJ 24810 View Materials .

Redescription. Female, 11.9 mm, MNRJ 14470. Eyes oval. Antenna 1 reaching fifth peduncular article of antenna 2; flagellum with 9 articles. Antenna 2 reaching about 3/5 body length; flagellum with 20 articles, with 2 distal pairs of small simple setae on each article. Upper lip rounded. Mandibles incisor 5-toothed; left lacinia mobilis 4-toothed and right lacinia 3-toothed; spine row of broad plumose bristles; molar strong and triturative. Lower lip without internal lobe; outer lobe well developed, with two rows of simple setae, marginal and sub-marginal; mandibular lobe pointed. Maxilla 1, inner plate narrow with 2 papposerrate setae distally; outer plate with 9 serrated setae distally; palp vestigial, biarticulated. Maxilla 2, inner plate distal margin oblique, distolaterally pointed, with many robust distal setae and 1 papposerrate seta; outer plate with long robust setae distally. Maxilliped, inner plate with set of pappose setae and 2 robust triangular setae on each side, both with same size; outer plate rounded; 4-articulated palp, article 1 with simple setae, articles 2 and 3 with couple of well developed simple setae in disto-lateral angle (1-2-2), article 4 triangular and reduced.

Gnathopod 1 simple; dactyl cuspidate. Gnathopod 2 coxa 2 almost 2x as wide as coxa 1; ischium 2x as long as that of gnathopod 1; merus and carpus with posterodistal tumescence; propodus mitten-shaped, with posterior lobe; dactyl small, with 1/3 lobe length. Coxae 3–4 with same size of coxa 2. Pereopod 3 similar to 4, longer than pereopod 4; dactyl with smooth prominence on posterior margin. Pereopod 4 without dactylar dentition. Pereopod 5 similar, but smaller than pereopods 6 and 7; coxa anterior lobe wider and deeper than posterior. Pereopod 6 coxa posterior lobe wider and deeper than anterior. Pereopod 7 slightly longer than pereopod 6; coxa short; basis subcircular. Pereopods 3–7 cuspidactylate. Coxal gills on gnathopod 2 to pereopod 6. Coxal gill 2 with 2 lobes and crenulations on distal margin. Gills of pereopod 3–5 twisted, similar sized, smaller than gill of gnathopod 2. Coxal gill 6 L-shaped with 2 lobes, one proximal and other in the angle between the two projections. Oostegites present on gnathopod 2 to pereopod 5.

Epimeron 1–3 with postero-ventral angle pointed. Pleopod 1 outer ramus 14-articulated, inner ramus 7-articulated. Pleopod 2 outer ramus 10-articulated, inner ramus 4-articulated. Pleopod 3 uniramous, 2-articulated, second article reduced. Uropod 1 peduncle with distolateral robust seta strangled distally, producing narrow and slightly twisted apex (complex apex) ( Fig. 6J View Figure 6 ); both rami subequal, shorter than peduncle, with minute toothed margins; inner ramus with 5 apical robust setae; outer ramus with 4 robust apical setae. Uropod 2 peduncle with 3 posterodistal robust setae, proximal robust seta the longest and distal robust seta the shortest; rami subequal, same length of peduncle, both rami with minute toothed margins; inner ramus with 5 robust apical setae; outer ramus with 4 robust apical setae. Uropod 3 peduncle with 3 robust setae in posterodorsal margin; ramus 1/2 peduncle length, reaching or exceeding distal end of telson with 2 robust apical setae. Telson distally emarginated with longitudinal midline and 5 marginal setae on each side.

Male, 8.7mm, MNRJ 14474.Nosexualdimorphism.

Type locality. Hatton , Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean ( Burt,

1934).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific: Marquesas Islands, Norfolk Islands, Australia ( Stephensen, 1935). Hawaii: Kauai Island (in caves) ( Bousfield and Howarth, 1976), O’ahu ( Richardson, 1991). Asia: India ( Biernbaum, 1980), Hong Kong ( Friend and Lam, 1985), Japan and Vietnam ( Morino, 2013). Europe: Germany and England ( Vader, 1972). Azores and Madeira ( Biernbaum, 1980). Africa: Madagascar and Comoro Islands ( Ruffo, 1958). North America: California ( Shoemaker, 1936), Gulf coast, from Louisiana to Florida and South Carolina ( Biernbaum, 1980; Bousfield, 1982). Brazil: Espírito Santo ( Eutrópio and Krohling, 2013), Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo ( Lemos de Castro, 1972; Lemos de Castro and Pereira, 1978; Matavelli et al., 2009), Paraná ( Lopes and Masunari, 2004a; 2004b), Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (present study) ( Fig. 7 View Figure 7 ).

Ecology. Found in forests of tropics, subtropics and warm temperate regions, and also from greenhouses of Europe and North America ( Friend and Richardson, 1986). Most samples of the present study came from the tropical Serra do Mar Forests an ecoregion of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, located in the south and southeastern coast of Brazil in states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul ( Galindo-Leal and Câmara, 2005). Talitroides topitotum also seems to be associated with areas that were reforested with Eucalyptus spp. , a culture that covers extensive areas in Brazil ( Lopes and Masunari, 2004a). The individuals analyzed in present study were found between 0−1761m altitude.

Remarks. The material examined generally agrees with previous descriptions of T. topitotum ( Burt, 1934; Stephensen 1935; Morino, 2013) with few variations. Burt (1934) described the pleopod 3 with setae apically and on the peduncle. The specimens analyzed herein had no setae on pleopod 3, which agree with Stephensen (1935) and Shoemaker (1936) material. Morino (2013) described the peduncle of pleopod 3 with 1 robust sub-apical seta and 3 plumose apical setae in the reduced ramus. A variation in this character is shown by illustrations containing two robust setae on the peduncle and 1 plumose apical seta on the ramus ( Morino, 2013). The number of setae can also vary on uropods. Richardson (1991) described peduncle of uropod 3 with 2 robust setae. Morino (2013) also found 2 robust setae on uropod 3, having noticed only two females with 3 robust setae. In the present study most individuals presented uropod 3 peduncle with 3 robust setae, agreeing with descriptions of other authors ( Burt, 1934; Stephensen, 1935; Shoemaker, 1936; Hurley, 1955). Only few juveniles and young females had 2 robust setae. Morino (2013) described a dactylar dentition on pereopod 4 slightly weaker than that of T. alluaudi . Brazilian individuals of T. topitotum had no dactylar dentition on pereopod 4, although a slight prominence was noticed in 4 females ( MNRJ 24811). However, these individuals were among the largest of the samples, reaching 15 mm. In any case, the dactyl of pereopod 4 is not like T. alluaudi , and this character is an important feature of differentiation between the two species ( Tab. 2).