Harpactopus, F. Smith, 1856

Identification key for species of subgenus Harpactopus View in CoL

Males

1. Arolia absent; labial palpomeres 2–4 extremely shortened, club-shaped ( Fig. 5a, b View FIGURE 5 ); maxillar palpomere 6 inconspicuous ( Fig. 6a, b View FIGURE 6 ); S6 with pair of teeth posterolaterally ( Fig. 7a, b View FIGURE 7 ); placoids on F3–F6 broad, flat ( Fig. 4d View FIGURE 4 ) ( persicus group) ........ 2

– Arolia present; labial palpomeres 2–4 short, usual or elongate, not club-shaped; maxillar palpomere 6 conspicuous; S6 entire or angularly convex posterolaterally, without teeth; placoids on flagellomeres narrow or broad.......................... 3

2. Labial palpomere 1 elongate: 3–4 × as long as combined length of club-shaped palpomeres 2–4 ( Fig. 5a View FIGURE 5 ); S6 with distinctly prominent teeth posterolaterally ( Fig. 7a View FIGURE 7 )............................................. P. (H.) persicus (Mocsáry)

– Labial palpomere 1 short: 1–1.5 × as long as combined length of club-shaped palpomeres 2–4 ( Fig. 5b View FIGURE 5 ); S6 with slightly prominent teeth posterolaterally ( Fig. 7b View FIGURE 7 )........................................... P. (H.) radoszkowskyi (Kohl)

3. Placoids on F3–F6 broad with medial line of setae ( Fig. 4f View FIGURE 4 ); labial palpomere 2 most elongate ( Fig. 5i View FIGURE 5 ); Australia ( globosus group) ........................................................................ P. (H.) globosus (F. Smith)

– Placoids on flagellomeres broad or narrow, not bold without medial line of setae................................... 4

4. S6 angularly convex posterolaterally ( Fig. 7c, d View FIGURE 7 ); placoids on F3–F6 broad, flat ( Fig. 4d View FIGURE 4 ); labial palpomeres 2–4 short ( Fig. 5c, d View FIGURE 5 ) ( macula group) .................................................................................... 5

– S6 entire; placoids on flagellomeres narrow, depressed; labial palpomeres 2–4 usual or elongate...................... 7

5. Scutum without appressed, silvery setae................................................ P. (H.) chobauti (Roth)

– Scutum with appressed, silvery setae..................................................................... 6

6. Pronotum and vertex with appressed, silvery setae; wings dark or smoky.................... P. (H.) macula (Fabricius)

– Pronotum and vertex without appressed, silvery setae; wings intensely dark with purple reflexes... P. (H.) funebris (Berland)

7. Wings dark; labial palpomeres distinctly elongate: palpomere 3 5 × as long as wide or longer ( Fig. 5g, h View FIGURE 5 ); reccurent vein II of forewing interstitial with 1 st intersubmarginal vein or received by submarginal cell III at its basal angle ( stschurowskii group) ................................................................................................... 8

– Wings yellow, dark or smoky; labial palpomeres usual: palpomere 3 3 × as long as wide ( Fig. 5e, f View FIGURE 5 ); recurrent vein II of forewing received by submarginal cell III ( crudelis group).................................................... 9

8. F3–F6 with placoids ( Fig. 4c View FIGURE 4 ); face with appressed, silvery setae................ P. (H.) stschurowskii (Radoszkowski)

– F3–F8 (in some specimens F3–F7) with placoids ( Fig. 4e View FIGURE 4 ); face without appressed, silvery setae................................................................................................ P. (H.) melanotus (F. Morawitz)

9. Wings yellow or dark; body black....................................................................... 10

– Wings smoky or slightly yellowish basally; body brownish................................................... 14

10. Propodeal enclosure with black setae not concealing integument; body length often smaller, up to 18 mm .............. 11

– Propodeal enclosure with long, dense, hairlike black setae moderately concealing integument; body length often larger, more than 18 mm ........................................................................................ 12

11. F3–F6 with placoids ( Fig. 4c View FIGURE 4 ); S4–S6 without long black setae........................ P. (H.) subfuscatus (Dahlbom)

– F3–F4 with placoids ( Fig. 4b View FIGURE 4 ); S4–S6 with long black setae apically........................ P. (H.) saevus (F. Smith)

12. Wings dark...................................................................... P. (H.) indus (Linnaeus)

– Wings yellow....................................................................................... 13

13. F3–F5 with placoids ( Fig. 4a View FIGURE 4 ); mesopleuron ventrally rugose............................. P. (H.) crudelis (F. Smith)

– F3–F4 with placoids ( Fig. 4b View FIGURE 4 ); mesopleuron ventrally smooth and shiny with sparse punctures.................................................................................................. P. (H.) judaeus (de Beaumont)

14. North Africa...................................................................... P. (H.) reymondi (Roth)

– Iran...................................................................... P. (H.) zarudnyi (Gussakovskij)

Females

1. Arolia absent; tarsal rake with short, stout, bladelike setae; labial palpomeres 2–4 extremely shortened, club-shaped ( Fig. 5a, b View FIGURE 5 ); maxillar palpomere 6 inconspicuous ( Fig. 6a, b View FIGURE 6 ) ( persicus group) ........................................... 2

– Arolia present; tarsal rake with long bladelike and hairlike setae; labial palpomeres 2–4 short, usual or elongate, not club-shaped; maxillar palpomere 6 conspicuous................................................................. 3

2. Labial palpomere 1 elongate: 3–4 × as long as combined length of club-shaped palpomere 2–4 ( Fig. 5a View FIGURE 5 ); scutum with appressed, silvery setae and thick, black, erect setae............................................. P. (H.) persicus (Mocsáry)

– Labial palpomere 1 short: 1–1.5 × as long as combined length of club-shaped palpomere 2–4 ( Fig. 5b View FIGURE 5 ); scutum with black erect setae, without appressed, silvery setae............................................. P. (H.) radoszkowskyi (Kohl)

3. Clypeus with U-shaped median notch ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ); recurrent vein II of forewing received by submarginal cell III; labial palpomeres 2–4 usual ( Fig. 5e, f View FIGURE 5 ); wings yellow, dark or smoky ( crudelis group) ............................................ 4

– Clypeus entire, slightly emarginate anteriorly; labial palpomeres 2–4 short or elongate; wings dark, smoky, or dark with purple reflexes........................................................................................... 10

4. Wings yellow or dark; body black........................................................................ 5

– Wings smoky or slightly yellowish basally; body brownish.................................................... 9

5. Head and mesosoma with dark setae; propodeal enclosure with long, dense, hairlike black setae; tarsal rake of foreleg with long, stout, bladelike and some hairlike setae................................................................... 7

– Head and mesosoma with pale setae; propodeal enclosure without long, dense, black setae, only with sparse light setae; tarsal rake of foreleg only with some long, stout, bladelike setae.................................................... 6

6. Mandible black; Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions........................ P. (H.) subfuscatus (Dahlbom)

– Mandible reddish mesally; Australasian region......................................... P. (H.) saevus (F. Smith)

7. Wings dark...................................................................... P. (H.) indus (Linnaeus)

– Wings yellow........................................................................................ 8

8. Mesopleuron ventrally rugose; larger: 24–35 mm ...................................... P. (H.) crudelis (F. Smith)

– Mesopleuron ventrally smooth and shiny with sparse punctures; smaller: up to 24 mm ...... P. (H.) judaeus (de Beaumont)

9. North Africa...................................................................... P. (H.) reymondi (Roth)

– Iran...................................................................... P. (H.) zarudnyi (Gussakovskij)

10. Labial palpomeres 2–4 short ( Fig. 5c, d View FIGURE 5 ) ( macula group) .................................................... 12

– Labial palpomeres 2–4 elongate ( Fig. 5g, h, i View FIGURE 5 )............................................................. 11

11. Mandible reddish; labial palpomere 2 most elongate ( Fig. 5i View FIGURE 5 ); tarsal rake of foreleg with long, hairlike setae and short, stout, bladelike setae; Australia ( globosus group) ........................................... P. (H.) globosus (F. Smith)

– Mandible black; labial palpomere 2–4 elongate ( Fig. 5g, h View FIGURE 5 ); tarsal rake of foreleg with long, bladelike and numerous long, fine, hairlike setae; Palaearctic ( stschurowskii group)........................................................... 14

12. Scutum without appressed, silvery setae ( Fig. 8a View FIGURE 8 )........................................ P. (H.) chobauti (Roth)

– Scutum with appressed, silvery setae.................................................................... 13

13. Pronotum and vertex with appressed, silvery setae ( Fig. 8c View FIGURE 8 ); wings dark or smoky............ P. (H.) macula (Fabricius)

– Pronotum and vertex without appressed, silvery setae ( Fig. 8b View FIGURE 8 ); wings intensely dark with purple reflexes.............................................................................................. P. (H.) funebris (Berland)

14. Face, pronotum and scutum with appressed, silvery setae ( Fig. 8h View FIGURE 8 )............... P. (H.) stschurowskii (Radoszkowski)

– Face, pronotum and scutum without appressed, silvery setae ( Fig. 8e View FIGURE 8 )................. P. (H.) melanotus (F. Morawitz)