Udamopyga, Hall, 1938

Udamopyga View in CoL clade

This clade is composed of the genera Tripanurga and Udamopyga (including Carinoclypeus ) and is supported by two autapomorphies: (1) juxta slightly recessed within the phallic tube ( Figs 27C, D View Figure 27 , 34B View Figure 34 ) and (2) juxta squared with a shallow to deep notch medially ( Figs 27E View Figure 27 , 34C View Figure 34 ). A similar position of the juxta with regard to the phallic tube is only found in Sinopiella , which has the juxta deeply recessed within the phallic tube ( Fig. 21D–F View Figure 21 ). The reconstructed sister-group relationship between Tripanurga and Udamopyga (including Carinoclypeus ) did not receive JK support, but the monophyly of each genus is strongly supported.

Roback (1954) placed Metoposarcophaga Townsend (= Tripanurga ) and genera such as Rafaelia and Boettcheria in the subtribe Boettcheriina . Lopes (1969a) placed Carinoclypeus , Tripanurga and Udamopyga in the tribe Sarcophagini , but in a subsequent study ( Lopes, 1983) he included Tripanurga in Sarcophagini , and Udamopyga in Cuculomyiini . None of these proposals had been consistently tested, as no study had included representative species of these genera. Stamper et al. (2012) found Tripanurga importuna (Walker, 1849) to be sister to the genus Boettcheria , which somehow supports Roback (1954) in placing Tripanurga and Boettcheria in the subtribe Boettcheriina . The sister-group relationship between Tripanurga and Boettcheria received high branch support in Stamper et al. ’s (2012) phylogeny. Our taxon sample is much more extensive than that analysed by Stamper et al. (2012), as we included multiple species of Boettcheria and Tripanurga . However, the low support for Tripanurga as sister to Udamopyga (including Carinoclypeus ) leaves this sister-group relationship as tentative. Future analyses are needed to test which of these alternative topologies is best corroborated.

Pape (1990) proposed a broad concept of the genus Tripanurga by including Erucophaga Reinhard , Metoposarcophaga , Zygastropyga Townsend and other genera as synonyms. Pape (1990, 1996) diagnosed Tripanurga with seven character states: (1) male cercus with prong bent backwards, (2) ejaculatory apodeme large, (3) parameral (= postgonal) seta slightly flattened, (4) phallus with an epiphallus-like process at base, (5) basiphallus elongated and narrow, (6) distiphallus compact and globular and (7) ventral margin of distiphallus with fringe of filiform processes. Character state 2 is not included here due to difficulties of coding other taxa; 1, 5–7 are reinterpreted, and 3 and 4 came out as autapomorphies. In our phylogenetic analysis Tripanurga is monophyletic, supported by five autapomorphies: (1) male abdominal T5 with ventral margin pointed (arrows in Fig. 40E View Figure 40 ), (2) epandrium higher than wide in lateral view (‘epd’ in Fig. 40F View Figure 40 ), (3) postgonal seta slightly compressed (arrows in Fig. 27F, G View Figure 27 ), (4) basiphallus proximally with a dorsal epiphallus-like process (‘ep’ in Fig. 27B View Figure 27 ), (5) vesica with vesical lateral arms (‘vla’ in Fig. 27B–E View Figure 27 ), each with an inner denticulated process (‘vdp’ in Fig. 27E View Figure 27 ).

The genus Udamopyga (including Carinoclypeus ) is supported by three autapomorphies: (1) posterior margin of the male abdominal ST5 with a slight undulation halfway between the angle and the tip of the V, and a rounded distal expansion ( Fig. 40G View Figure 40 ), (2) cercal prongs fused at least halfway to tip and (3) vesica composed of two petal-like lateral plates, each with a vesical denticulated lobe (‘vdl’ in Figs 30H View Figure 30 , 34B, C View Figure 34 , 38A, B View Figure 38 ). This clade is also supported by two homoplasies: males with rows of frontal setae anteriorly divergent, and basiphallus with a dorsal longitudinal keel. Dodge (1965a) defined the monospecific genus Carinoclypeus by the presence of a ‘carinate clypeus’. A slightly modified wording for this character state was used by Pape (1996), who diagnosed Carinoclypeus by the presence of a ‘facial plate with distinct median carina in full length’, which here corresponds to the carina parallel in full length to frontogenal suture. Here, no other character states support this genus, which remains defined only by the autapomorphic presence of a median carina on the facial plate, which supports Dodge’s (1965a) and Pape’s (1996) diagnoses. Udamopyga (s.s.) is recovered as monophyletic, but it is only supported by one autapomorphy: facial ridge with dense and short setosity on lower 0.50 ( Fig. 46D View Figure 46 ). Based on the strong branch support of the genus Udamopyga (including Carinoclypeus ), and its numerous autapomorphies, we suggest Carinoclypeus as a new junior synonym of Udamopyga . Consequently, we provide a new diagnosis for Udamopyga inclusive of Carinoclypeus , which is maintained as a subgenus, new status.