Engelimyia, Lopes, 1975

Engelimyia View in CoL clade

The Engelimyia View in CoL clade (clade 64) is composed of the genera Engelimyia View in CoL and Tulaeopoda View in CoL , which are consistently recovered in a sister-group relationship. The genus Tulaeopoda View in CoL had not yet been included in a phylogenetic analysis. Lopes (1969a) included it in the tribe Sarcophagini and suggested it is most closely related to Peckia View in CoL ( Lopes, 1941b, 1975d, 1983). In the last decade, species of Engelimyia View in CoL were included in molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses, although without a conclusive result on the phylogenetic position of this genus. Pape & Mello-Patiu (2006) did not propose any genus or group of genera as a candidate sister group of Engelimyia View in CoL , but they discussed and rejected any possible phylogenetic relationship of this genus to Peckia View in CoL . However, Giroux et al. (2010) found Engelimyia View in CoL as sister to ( Peckia View in CoL + ( Sarcodexia lambens View in CoL + Titanogrypa View in CoL )). Engelimyia View in CoL has been included in two molecular analyses, where it emerged either in a trichotomy with Boettcheria View in CoL and Tricharaea ( Kutty et al., 2010) View in CoL , or as sister to Boettcheria View in CoL alone ( Piwczyński et al., 2014).

The Engelimyia View in CoL clade has strong branch support in our analysis. Engelimyia View in CoL and Tulaeopoda View in CoL share ten autapomorphies: (1) male hind femur curved, (2) male abdominal ST3 with one or two patches of dense, erect, black setae, (3) male abdominal ST4 with two patches of dense, erect, black setae, (4) male ST5 with a small pad of stubby setae medially on the inner margin of cleft, (5) cercal prong gradually swollen with a knob-like apex ( Fig. 44H View Figure 44 ), (6) cercal prong with dorso-lateral keels, (7) cercal prong with a lateral tuft of long setae, (8) paraphallic tube as long as broad ( Figs 22A View Figure 22 , 27H View Figure 27 ), (9) stylar lateral plates present ( Fig. 22A View Figure 22 ) and (10) juxta globose, spinose and denticulated ( Figs 22A, B View Figure 22 , 27H–J View Figure 27 , 34A View Figure 34 ). Pape (1996) already listed character state 1 in his diagnosis of Engelimyia View in CoL , and he also used a similar interpretation of character state 7 as presented here but restricted it to the diagnosis of Tulaeopoda View in CoL . Character states 4–8, as presented here or slightly modified, are included in the diagnosis of Engelimyia View in CoL by Pape & Mello-Patiu (2006). The present study confirms the presence of stylar lateral plates (character state 9) in both Engelimyia View in CoL and Tulaeopoda View in CoL . Also, the juxta of Engelimyia View in CoL (character state 10) is reinterpreted and homologized with a globose, spinose and denticulated structure, while in previous works ( Pape & Mello-Patiu, 2006; Giroux et al., 2010) the juxta was homologized with a sclerotized and smooth bifid structure ( Fig. 22C View Figure 22 ), which is here considered a structure evolved de novo in Engelimyia View in CoL .

Pape & Mello-Patiu (2006) defined Engelimyia View in CoL and discussed its monophyly. Many of the diagnostic character states listed by these authors are reinterpreted here, but Engelimyia View in CoL still emerges as monophyletic in our phylogeny. In a previous phylogenetic study ( Buenaventura & Pape, 2015), we provided new interpretations of the uniquely shaped median stylus and capitis of Engelimyia View in CoL ( Fig. 22A, B View Figure 22 ), as well as the description of acrophallic structures such as the stylar membranous lobes and stylar lateral plates ( Fig. 22A View Figure 22 ). As outlined above, only the stylar membranous lobes are autapomorphic for Engelimyia View in CoL , as well as male abdominal ST3 with a single patch of dense, erect, black setae.

Two autapomorphies support Tulaeopoda : the posterior surface of the male hind trochanter with a postero-median pad of short setae (position as no. 6 in Fig. 45 View Figure 45 ) and male abdominal ST3 with two patches of dense, erect, black setae. Contrary to what was suggested by Pape (1996), species of Tulaeopoda possess well-developed, tubular lateral styli ( Fig. 27I, J View Figure 27 ).