Stomphastis labyrinthica ( Meyrick, 1918 )

Stomphastis labyrinthica ( Meyrick, 1918) View in CoL

( Figs 528–531, 539, 540, 544)

Synonym: “ Epicephala eridopa , n. sp. ”—Meyrick, E. Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 3 (13): 385–416. https://www. biodiversitylibrary.org/page/60297767, [ India], Bihar, Pusa, Lectotype ♂, designated by Yuan (1992: 207), in NHMUK (London); Paralectotypes 2♂, NHMUK (London). A junior subjective synonym of Acrocercops labyrinthica Meyrick, 1918 ; synonymised by Yuan (1992: 207).

“ Acrocercops labyrinthica , n. sp. ”—Meyrick, E., 1918. Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 2 (6): 177–178. https://www. biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9808567; Acrocercops labyrinthica — Fletcher 1921: 156; Fletcher 1933: 52; Kuroko 1961: 311; Robinson et al. 2001: 629.

Stomphastis labyrinthica View in CoL — Inoue et al. 1982: 184; Kuroko 1982: 269; Yuan 1992: 207; De Prins & De Prins 2005: 378–379.

Type locality: [ India], Bengal [recte Bihar], Pusa.

Type specimens: Lectotype ♂, designated by Yuan (1992: 207), NHMUK (London) ; Paralectotype ♂, genitalia slide 23993 ♂, NHMUK (London), (Meyrick mentioned 13 syntypes (♂ and ♀), in NHMUK (London), in the original description) .

Specimens examined: Lectotype ♂: India, Delhi, Pusa, Bihar, 28°44’00”N 77°7’12’’E, 11-05-1927, leg. Nihil, syn. E. eridopa Meyrick, 1928a , Epicephala eridopa , 3/3 Meyr., Meyrick Coll., B.M. 1938-290, bred 5.27, BMNH(E) 1407535, in NHMUK (London).

Paralectotype ♂: India, Delhi, Pusa , 11-04-1927, leg. Nihil, bred 4.27 , Paralectotype syn. Epicephala eridopa 1/3 Meyr., Meyrick Coll., B.M. 1938-290, BMNH(E) 1407536, in NHMUK (London) .

Additional verified specimens: Japan: Specimen 1: Ishigaki Island, Isigaki-si, e. l. Trema orientalis , 28.xi.1989, leg. T. Kumata. Specimen 2: Kyūshū, Yaku-shima, Anbo, e. l. Trema orientalis 09.xi.1959, leg. H. Kuroko. Specimen 3: ditto except the date 04.xi.1959, in EIHU (Sapporo) (Figs Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae ).

Specimens in Australia: Specimen 1(♀): Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns , 16,8193S 145,6360E, 03-04- 1991, leg. T. Kumata, Host 4212: Trema orientalis , gen. slide: Grc-5689, DNA sample NULT024692, ANIC Acc. no 31 075856, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimen 2(♀): Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns , 16,8193S 145,6360E, 30-03-1991, leg. T. Kumata, Host 4212: Trema orientalis , genitalia slide Grc-5690, DNA sample NULT024814, ANIC Acc. no 31 075855, in ANIC (Canberra).

Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.9–7.8 mm; length of the forewing 3.2–3.7 mm ( Figs 528, 529).

Head ( Figs 530, 531): vertex smooth, white with golden shine, occiput carries two exceptionally long tufts, labial palpus long, with sharp apex, the second palpomere carries long hanging piliform scales, dark brown at basal part and dirty white at apical part. Antenna slightly longer than forewing, dark ochreous, getting lighter toward apical part, scape as big as three flagellomeres, thick, dirty white with golden shine, with dark ochreous spots at lateral sides.

Thorax ( Figs 528, 529): light ochreous, tegula, light ochreous with dark fuscous ochreous band at basal part. Ground colour of forewing fuscous ochreous with a pattern of stripes and spots as in Fig. 529, apical spot very clear, oval, apical very clear, strictly following the apical margin, almost black, fringe line interrupted, dark fuscous, might be doubled at tornus, gently follows the apical line. Hindwing narrow, grey, sharply pointed, with long ochreous grey cilia. Legs dark fuscous, tarsi dark fuscous with grey apical halves.

Abdomen: ( Fig. 544) The sclerotised margination of abdomen opening well connected. tergum II, with gently bent rid, apodemes on tergum II fine, long, slender, with strongly sclerotised bases, distally very fine, straight, terminating at posterior 1/3 of tergum II; apodemes on sternum II slightly shorter, with strongly sclerotised bases, slightly bent, thicker, gently narrowing distally, terminating with sharply pointed ends at mid of sternum II. Two brushes of long piliform scales in males are of the androconial character.

Male genitalia: Following the illustration of Kuroko (1961: Plate 35, Fig. 9)

Tegumen sclerotised, conical, sub-scaphium narrow, sclerotised, apex protruding the tegumen, setose with long stout setae. Valva mid-sized, slightly sinuating, the mid of ventral margin puffed, cucullus with cut edge, inner ventral margin of valva densely setose, basal ventral apodemes long, play the support function for aedeagus, juxta developed. Vinculum small, narrow, saccus very short, just a small triangular protrusion at the anterior margin of vinculum. Aedeagus short, thick in girth, vesica with one prolonged cornutus.

Female genitalia ( Figs 539, 540). Papillae anales well connected, apophyses posteriores very short, slender, terminating at posterior 1/3 of abdominal segment VIII, apophyses anteriores short, ca. 2× longer than apophyses posteriores, slender, with sharply pointed distal apices ending just beyond the joint between segments VII and VIII, posterior margin of segment VII with slight indentation like to that of S. thraustica , no sterigma except slightly indented line repeating the anterior margin of segment VII. Ostium bursae opens on sternum VII close to the joint of segments VII and VI. Ductus bursae gently widening and smoothly transiting to corpus bursae; colliculum short and very strongly sclerotised. Corpus bursae sac-shaped or pyriform, with a very long anteriorly broadening signal band, sharply dentate at anterior end; the second signum strong hook-shaped sclerotisation at midden part of the inner wall of corpus bursae.

Pupa ( Fig. 545): length including the body and antennae ca. 3.4 mm; pupal body length ca. 2.9 mm. On ventral side the head possesses a semi-round process ornamented with numerous sclerotised tubercles; appendages for future antennae ca. 0.4 mm longer than the appendages for future hind legs and ca. 0.5 mm; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, legs, wings and antennae can be seen very clearly; the appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case, end of abdomen is moves freely; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, fore and mid legs attached to each other but not fused in a pupal case; appendages for maxillary palpus and labial palpus are relatively long, ca. 1/3 of pupal body length; future proboscis is longer than future forelegs; abdominal segments VII–IX ventrally covered with tiny sclerotised tubercles; the abdominal segment 9 is relatively small and carries on the posterior part a sclerotised oval structure covered with tiny tubercles and a comb with uniserial crochets of different lengths; the anterior segment of abdomen carries two sharply pointed triangular processes and two small tubercles that might represent the cremaster; segment VIII covered with tiny but strongly sclerotised tubercules; the genital opening is visible; the abdominal apex is broadly round.

BOLD data: https://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=199132

GenBank data: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/?term= Stomphastis+labyrinthica

Mitogenomic data: No data.

Bionomics in Australia: Cannabaceae : Trema orientalis (L.) Blume ( Fig. 546). The host plant occurs in Queensland.

Distribution in Australia, new record: Queensland.

32. Toowoomba De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick , gen. n.

“ Toowoomba De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick , gen. n. ”—original citation.

Type species: Cyphosticha dialeuca Turner, 1940 , by present designation.

BOLD data: https://boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_SearchTerms?query=%22 Cyphosticha %20dialeuca%22[tax] GenBank data: No data.

Diagnosis: External morphology cannot serve as a diagnostic set of characters since relatively far distant genera as Cuphodes and Epicephala have a similar morphological appearance. The most striking and noticeable character is the dorsal white stripe that narrows towards tornus. The visual evidence confirming the distinctiveness of the new genus Toowoomba gen. n. is found in mitogenomic data and phylogenetic trees based on DNA data (for more information please refer to the subchapter ‘Diagnosing, discriminating and delineating taxa’). This new genus Toowoomba forms a sister clade to the clade Parectopa + Polysoma . The visual evidence, based on molecular data and presented in Figs 637, 639 not only allows but even obliges introducing a new genus-group taxon within the framework of this taxonomic treatment.

Description: Wingspan 6.5–8.5 mm; length of the forewing 3.1–4.0, mm ( Figs 547–550).

Head: vertex shining white, covered with a tuft of smooth, pressed, filiform scales, occiput white covered by two tufts of short piliform scales, frons smooth; labial palpomere as long as ca. 2× diameter of eye. Antenna annulated; scape enlarged, ochreous.

Thorax: shining white; tegula unicoloured fuscous brown; forewing clearly divided into two sectors: costal and dorsal. Anterior (costal) dark ochreous part occupies ca. 2/3 of the width of forewing, and dorsal white part with unequal anterior margin. Costa is dotted with small rectangular yellow dots that are separated by darker ochreous patches. Dorsal stripe gradually narrowing towards tornus, anterior margin of dorsal stripe with small vertical dashes or small waves. Apical spot is very clear, apical line is narrow but clearly visible and equally defined surrounding apex, termen and tornus; fringe line is well defined, gently follows the apical line; fringe long and dense. Hindwing narrow, slightly shorter than forewing, with sharply pointed apex, slightly darker in shading than forewing. Fringe long, the longest fringe, ca. as long as 6× the width of forewing, are at the basal part of the dorsal margin of hindwing. Mid legs thick and heavily pilose with short but very dense piliform scales, hind tibia densely covered with short but comparably thick piliform scales.

Abdomen: tergites light grey, sternites light ochreous with a strong bronze shine, terminal genital segments matte light grey.

Mitogenomic data: The genus comprises two Australian species that have rather distinct mitochondrial genomes, and while recovered by all analyses, support is only very strong for NT and CODON analyses ( Fig. 637). The genus is consistently and strongly supported as sister to the clade Parectopa + Polysoma ( Figs 637, 639).

Bionomics: No data.

Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: Queensland.

Etymology. The genus name Toowoomba derives from the locality of occurrence city Toowoomba in Queensland. This name is thought to derive from an Aboriginal word meaning “place where water sits” or “place of melon”(see: https://www.tr.qld.gov.au/our-region/history/historic-locations/117-historic-toowoomba-region-locations#) The genus-group name is a noun of the feminine gender in the nominative case.

Species richness: World: 2 species; Australian Region: 2 species.

Note: No diagnostic differences in external characters can be easily and undoubtfully detected between the species T. dialeuca ( Turner, 1940) and T. toowoomba sp. nov. There is no data available on genitalia characters of T. dialeuca . The diagnostic and species defined differences are up to now only in mitogenomic data until a specimen of T. dialeuca with abdomen is found.

Type species: Toowoomba dialeuca ( Turner, 1940) , comb. n.

( Figs 547, 548, 553, 557, 637)

“ Cyphosticha dialeuca View in CoL n. sp. ”—Turner, A.J., 1940. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 64 (1): 55. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41572671

Cyphosticha dialeuca View in CoL — Nielsen & Kumata 1996: 48; De Prins & De Prins 2005: 168.

Type locality: [ Australia], North Queensland, Dunk Island.

Type specimens: Syntypes 1♂ and 1♀, in ANIC (Canberra) .

Specimens examined:

Lectotype designation: Hereby we designate as the lectotype of the species Cyphosticha dialeuca Turner, 1940 the male specimen ( Fig. 547), without abdomen, representing the species belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘Dunk I./N. Q. 25-5-28’(printed on light beige paper), [2] ‘ Cyphosticha dialeuca Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ ANIC Image’, [4] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Cyphosticha dialeuca Turn. ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No/31 075717’ [printed on white hard paper], DNA sample (leg) NULT023231 (successful), in ANIC (Canberra).

Paralectotype ♀, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Dunk I. /N. Q. 26-5-28’(printed on light beige paper), [2] ‘ Barcode of Life /DNA Voucher specimen/ Smple [sic] ID: 11 ANIC-16261 /BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 261-11’(printed on yellow paper), [3] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [4] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes dialeuca / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023’ (printed on red paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. /31 053596’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra) .

The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature ( Declaration 44— Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with a purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Cyphosticha dialeuca Turner, 1940 . This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature ( ICZN Recommendation 74A). We gave the preference to the specimen indicated as the ‘Holotype’ in the Australian National Insect Collection which is digitized by the Digitization group for the online ANIC species portal ( ICZN Recommendations 74B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified ( ICZN Recommendation 74E). The female syntype specimen is designated as the paralectotype ( ICZN Recommendation 74F) .

Additional not verified specimens: Specimen 1(♂): Iron Range, 12.6866°S 143.3342°E, 12-04-1964, leg. Common I.F.B. Specimen 2 (♀) ( Fig. 548): Hope Vale, 7 km North, 04-10-1980, leg. Edwards F.D, DNA sample NULT023356, genitalia slide ANIC 6280 About ANIC , ANIC Acc. no 31 085620, in ANIC (Canberra) GoogleMaps .

Note: The micromorphological characters of the genitalia of the lectotype and paralectotype cannot be studied since both specimens are without abdomens. However, we managed to obtain mitogenomic data from the lectotype DNA sample NULT023231, ANIC Acc. no 31 075717. Unfortunately, the sample DNA NULT023356 failed in sequencing, so the obtained female genitalia characters of this specimen cannot be compared and matched with certainty with the type specimen. We look forward to obtain more data.

Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.5–8.5 mm; length of the forewing 3.1–4.0 mm ( Figs 547, 548).

Head: vertex shining white, covered with a tuft of smooth, pressed, filiform scales, occiput white covered by two tufts of short piliform scales, frons light with light ochreous shading; labial palpomere as long as ca. 2× diameter of eye, outer lateral side with numerous small round light ochreous spots, especially well observed on terminal palpomere—an easy traceable specific diagnostic character. Antenna annulated with dark ochreous apical part and light basal part; scape ochreous, and strongly dark ochreous, almost fuscous at dorsal anterior area.

Thorax ( Figs 547, 548): shining white; tegula unicoloured fuscous brown; a white stripe is present on the dorsal margin that narrows towards tornus. The rest of forewing is ochreous brown with slightly dotted pattern on costa. Apical spot is very clear; fringe line is well defined, gently following the apical line; fringe with golden shine at sub-apical part of dorsum, shorter at sub-anterior part, the longest at mid of dorsum and again shortening at sub-basal part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, slightly shorter than forewing, with sharply pointed apex, ochreous, slightly darker in shading than forewing. Fringe long, fuscous ochreous at costal margin and light golden ochreous at dorsal margin, the longest fringe, ca. as long as 6× the width of forewing, are at the basal part of the dorsal margin of hindwing. Mid legs thick and heavily pilose with short but very dense piliform scales, terminal tarsomeres white, tip of mid tarsus ochreous; hind femur light ochreous, without appraised piliform scales, hind tibia light ochreous, densely covered with short but comparably thick piliform scales, tibial spurs white with dark brown apices. Tarsomere I rather thick, dark brown with small white apical spot at the middle, tarsomere II white with dark brown apex, tarsomere III white, with a dark brown base, terminal tarsomeres white, tip of tarsus light ochreous.

Abdomen ( Fig. 557): tergites light grey, sternites light ochreous with a strong bronze shine, terminal genital segments matte light grey. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised; ventral crossing joint narrow but strongly sclerotised, slightly concave; corners of abdominal opening broadly rounded, sternal apodemes absent; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I, with short appendage at anterior 1/3 sector; tergal apodemes are slightly bent inwards; a transverse strongly sclerotised joint, which is bent anteriad, connects the approaching midden parts of tergal apodemes; posterior part of tergal apodemes slightly angulated, apices of tergal apodemes are sharp, approaching each other. A melanised band stretches along all sterna.

Male genitalia: No data.

Female genitalia ( Fig. 553): Papillae anales flattened, with strong sclerotised basal ring, anterior part covered with long thin erect setae. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly melanised; apophyses posteriores with very broad triangular bases, apical part sinuating, reaching 1/3 of segment VIII, apices sharp; apophyses anteriores strongly sclerotised, rather thick, ca. 2× longer than apophyses posteriores, reaching the anterior sector of segment VII with their apices; segment VII strongly sclerotised with very deep narrow sterigmatic indentation ventrally. Ostium bursae opens at the anterior margin of segment VII; antrum tube-shaped, strongly melanised; ductus and corpus bursae weakly melanised without distinction between both.

BOLD data: https://boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_SearchTerms?query=%22 Cyphosticha %20dialeuca%22[tax] GenBank data: No data.

Mitogenomic data: The sequenced lectotype specimen is a relatively distant yet always recovered and well-supported sister to T. toowoomba sp. nov. ( Fig. 637).

Bionomics: No data.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Dunk Island ( Turner 1940: 55).