Viscosia de Man, 1890

Genus Viscosia de Man, 1890 View in CoL

Diagnosis

(according to Smol et al. 2014). Buccal cavity large, barrel-shaped with three unequal immovable teeth, of which the right subventral tooth largest. Females didelphic-amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries. Spicules short, straight or slightly curved. Gubernaculum absent. Demanian system present and simple, consisting of prolongation of the ovary at the reflexed point that connects it with the intestine through the osmosium.

List of valid species (64 species)

V. abyssorum ( Allgén, 1933) Wieser, 1953 .

syn. Oncholaimus abyssorum Allgén, 1933 .

V. angustata ( Cobb, 1890) Kreis, 1934 .

syn. Oncholaimus angustatus Cobb, 1890 .

V. antarctica Allgén, 1959 .

V. bandaensilis Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus bandaensis Kreis, 1932 .

V. bandaensis Kreis, 1932 .

syn. Mononcholaimus bandaensis Kreis, 1932 .

V. bayensis Keppner, 1987 .

V. brachylaima Filipjev, 1927 .

V. brevicaudata Mawson, 1958 .

V. brevilaima Allgén, 1959 .

V. cobbi Filipjev, 1918 .

V. coomansi Smol & Sharma, 1984 .

V. dossena Leduc & Zhao, 2023 .

V. elegans ( Kreis, 1924) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus elegans Kreis, 1924 .

V. elongata Filipjev, 1922 .

V. epapillosa Platonova, 1971 .

V. erasmi Furstenberg & Vincx, 1989 .

V. falklandiae Allgén, 1959 .

V. filiformis ( Kreis, 1932) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus filiformis Kreis, 1932 .

V. floridana Keppner, 1987 .

V. franzii Boucher, 1977 .

V. glabra ( Bastian, 1865) de Man, 1890 .

syn. Oncholaimus glaber Bastian, 1865 .

syn. Viscosia micoletzkyi Chitwood, 1951 .

V. grahami Allgén, 1959 .

V. hanstroemi Wieser, 1953 .

V. heterolaima Smol & Sharma, 1984 .

V. keiensilis Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus keiensis Kreis, 1932 .

V. keiensis Kreis, 1932 .

syn. Mononcholaimus keiensis Kreis, 1932 .

V. langrunensis ( de Man, 1890) Filipjev, 1918 .

syn. Oncholaimus langrunensis de Man, 1890 .

V. longicaudatoides Nguyen Vu Thanh & Gagarin, 2013 .

V. macramphida Chitwood, 1951 .

V. macrobursata Keppner, 1987 .

V. megalaima ( Ditlevsen, 1928) Hope & Murphy, 1972 .

syn. Steineria megalaima Ditlevsen, 1928 .

V. meridionalis Kreis, 1932 .

V. microseta Wieser, 1953 .

V. nicaraguensis Gerlach, 1957 .

syn. Viscosia papillata nicaraguensis Gerlach, 1957 .

V. nona Filipjev, 1946 .

V. norvegica ( Allgén, 1946) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus norvegicus Allgén, 1946 .

V. nuda Kreis, 1932 .

V. oncholaimelloides Wieser & Hopper, 1967 .

V. orientalis Gagarin, 2020 .

V. papillata Chitwood, 1951 .

V. papillatoides Chitwood, 1960 .

V. papillatula Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus papillatus Kreis, 1932 .

V. parafalklandiae Allgén, 1959 .

V. parapellucida ( Allgén, 1959) Gerlach & Riemann, 1974 .

syn. Viscosia pellucida Allgén, 1959 .

V. parasetosa ( Kreis, 1932) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus parasetosus Kreis, 1932 .

V. pedroensis Allgén, 1947 .

V. profunda ( Vitiello, 1970) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus profundus Vitiello, 1970 .

V. propinqua Allgén, 1959 .

V. pseudoglabra Kreis, 1932 .

V. pygmaea Nguyen Vu Thanh & Gagarin, 2013 .

V. rectangulata Wieser, 1953 .

V. rustica ( Kreis, 1929) Lorenzen, 1974 .

syn. Mononcholaimus rusticus Kreis, 1929 .

V. sedata Gagarin & Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2007 .

V. separabilis ( Wieser, 1953) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus separabilis Wieser, 1953 .

V. setosa ( Kreis, 1932) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus setosus Kreis, 1932 .

V. similis Allgén, 1959 .

V. stenolaima Filipjev, 1927 .

V. tenuissima Allgén, 1959 .

V. timmi Gagarin & Nguyen Thi Thu, 2008 .

V. tumidula Wieser, 1959 .

V. uipii Coomans, Vincx & Decraemer, 1985 .

V. viscosa ( Bastian, 1865) de Man, 1890 .

syn. Mononcholaimus viscosus Allgén, 1930 .

syn. Oncholaimus viscosus Bastian, 1865 .

V. viscosula Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus viscosus Allgén, 1930 .

V. wieseri Mawson, 1958 .

Species inquirendae (38 species)

V. brachydonta Allgén, 1959 .

V. brachylaimoides Chitwood, 1937 .

V. brevidentata ( Vitiello, 1967) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus brevidentatus Vitiello, 1967 .

V. conicaudata ( Kreis, 1932) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus conicaudatus Kreis, 1932 .

V. crassa Kreis, 1932 .

V. cryptodentata Allgén, 1959 .

V. diodon ( Wieser, 1951) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus diodon ( Wieser, 1951) Wieser, 1953 .

syn. Oncholaimellus diodon Wieser, 1951 .

V. dubiosa Kreis, 1932 .

V. fatigans Filipjev, 1946 .

V. filipjevi Paramonov, 1929 .

V. gabriolae ( Allgén, 1951) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus gabriolae Allgén, 1951 .

V. glaberoides ( Allgén, 1932) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus glaberoides Allgén, 1932 .

V. isotonchula Kreis, 1932 .

V. klatti ( Allgén, 1941) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus klatti Allgén, 1941 .

V. leptolaima Kreis, 1932 .

V. linstowi ( de Man, 1904) Filipjev, 1918 .

syn. Oncholaimus linstowi de Man, 1904 .

V. longicaudata ( Kreis, 1932) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Meroviscosia longicaudata Kreis, 1932 .

V. longidentata ( Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1931) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus longidentatus (Schuurmans Stekhoven & Adam in Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1931) Kreis, 1934.

syn. Oncholaimus longidentatus Schuurmans Stekhoven & Adam in Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1931.

V. longissima Filipjev, 1946 .

V. macrorhopalocerca Kreis, 1932 .

V. minor Filipjev, 1918 .

V. minudonta Vitiello, 1970 .

V. nijhoffi Allgén, 1935 .

V. nordgaardi Allgén, 1940 .

V. palmae Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1942 .

V. papillosa ( Eberth, 1863) Kreis, 1934 .

syn. Oncholaimus papillosus Eberth, 1863 .

V. paralinstowi Chitwood, 1937 .

V. parapedroensis Allgén, 1947 .

V. paridentata Kreis, 1932 .

V. parva Kreis, 1929 .

V. pellucida ( Cobb, 1898) Filipjev, 1918 .

syn. Oncholaimus pellucidus Cobb, 1898 .

V. poseidonica Belogurov & Belogurova, 1977 .

V. pseudosegmentata Allgén, 1947 .

V. stenostoma Platonova, 1971 .

V. strandi Allgén, 1935 .

V. subantarctica Allgén, 1959 .

V. tasmaniensis ( Allgén, 1927) Lorenzen, 1981 .

syn. Mononcholaimus tasmaniensis Allgén, 1927 .

V. tenuilaima Allgén, 1959 .

Invalid species

V. aegyptica ( Steiner, 1921) Schuurmans Stekhoven 1943 = Oncholaimus aegypticus Steiner, 1921 .

V. carnleyensis ( Ditlevsen, 1921) Kreis, 1932 = Viscosia glabra ( Bastian, 1865) de Man, 1890 .

V. carnleyensis tropica Kreis, 1932 = V. carnleyensis ( Ditlevsen, 1921) Kreis, 1932 .

V. donsi Allgén, 1947 = Oncholaimus donsi ( Allgén, 1947) Wieser, 1953 .

V. micoletzkyi Chitwood, 1951 = Viscosia glabra ( Bastian, 1865) de Man, 1890 .

V. pacifica Allgén, 1951 = Oncholaimus rapax Kreis, 1932 .

V. papillata nicaraguensis Gerlach, 1957 = Viscosia nicaraguensis Gerlach, 1957 .

V. paralangrunensis Allgén, 1947 = Oncholaimus paralangrunensis ( Allgén, 1947) Allgén, 1959 .

V. pellucida Allgén, 1959 = V. parapellucida ( Allgén, 1959) Gerlach & Riemann, 1974 .

V. scanica Allgén, 1935 = Oncholaimus scanicus ( Allgén, 1935) Wieser, 1953 .

V. taboguillensis Allgén, 1947 = Adoncholaimus taboguillensis ( Allgén, 1947) Wieser, 1953 .

Remarks. According to the relevant literature, there are 27 species described only from juveniles or females (five species, V. brachydonta , V. conicaudata , V. leptolaima , V. macrorhopalocerca and V. palmae , were described only from juveniles; 18 species, V. brevidentata , V. cryptodentata , V. fatigans , V. filipjevi , V. isotonchula , V. linstowi , V. longidentata , V. minor , V. papillosa , V. paralinstowi , V. paridentata , V. parva , V. pellucida , V. poseidonica , V. stenostoma , V. subantarctica , V. tasmaniensis and V. tenuilaima , were described only from females; four species, V. crassa , V. diodon , V. longissima and V. minudonta , were described from females and juveniles). These species should be considered as inquirendae. According to the original description of V. brachylaimoides by Chitwood (1937) and the opinion of Leduc and Zhao (2023), this species has a large left ventrosublateral tooth instead of large right ventrosublateral tooth, indicating that the species does not belong to Viscosia . Here, V. brachylaimoides is treated as species inquirendum. Based on the observation and analysis by Smol and Sharma (1984), the largest ventrosublateral tooth of V. franzii is situated on the right side instead of the left as described by Boucher (1977). The species is consistent with the diagnosis of Viscosia , and it is a valid species of the genus. Meanwhile, Smol and Sharma considered V. carnleyensis as a synonym of V. glabra .