Minervarya kalinga ( Raj, Dinesh, Das, Dutta, Kar & Mohapatra, 2018 )

S5. Minervarya kalinga ( Raj, Dinesh, Das, Dutta, Kar & Mohapatra, 2018) View in CoL ( fig. 12‒13 View Figure 12 View Figure 13 )

Larval series examined. WT 040/17809 (near Sileru AP Zenco Office, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India; 18.05321 N, 82.03538 E). Tadpoles of this species were collected in a small stream with little water current. The substratum of the stream was gravelled and rocky.

Notes. The taxonomic identity of the tadpoles was confirmed by a partial sequence of 16S rRNA (OQ079492) generated from the tadpole voucher WT 040. The sequence matches the published sequence from taxonomically identified frogs of Minervarya kalinga ( MG 870107 View Materials ). Morphological description of tadpoles of M. kalinga is unavailable.

External morphology. Description of a tadpole at Gosner stage 37. Body elliptical and globular in dorsal and lateral perspectives ( fig. 12a‒b View Figure 12 ). Body length 38 % of total length; maximum body diameter at posterior end of body. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral perspectives. Eyes large, located and oriented dorsolaterally; distance between eye and nostril 41.3 % of distance between eye and snout. Nostril opening spherically, slightly elevated at rim, closer to eye than to snout, placed wide apart and parallel to eye in dorsal view; inter-narial distance 57.6 % of inter-orbital distance; distance between nostril and snout 26.8 % of body length. Spiracle sinistral and short; inner wall of tube formed but attached to body wall; tube orientation posterolateral, its opening located just below the middle of the lateral side of venter. Distance between spiracle and snout 62 % of body length. Opening of vent tube dextral with both walls attaching at the same location. Tail length 62 % of total length; tail tip acute; musculature linear on first quarter length of tail tapering beyond. Dorsal fin originating at junction between body tail, ventral fin originating at ventral terminus; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin; maximum tail height at mid-length. Height of tail muscle 91 % width of tail muscle at tail-body junction. Tail (caudal) musculature accounting for 44 % of height of tail. Lateral line not visible. Glands absent on outer integument.

Oral disc anteroventral in location ( fig. 12c View Figure 12 ). Rostral width of oral disc 40 % of maximum body width, emarginated; not visible dorsally; single row of marginal papillae on labia and lateral commissures; marginal papillae broadly interrupted on both labia; two rows of submarginal papillae at lateral commissures; both labia of equal size. Labial tooth row formula A2(2)/P3. Order of lengths of labial tooth rows A1> P1> A2> P2> P3. Pigmentation of jaw sheaths present only on borders. Both jaw sheath margins with small uniform serrations; supra-rostrodont longer than wide, convex, with median region protruding towards posterior; infra-rostrodont U-shaped, convex laterally and concave medially.

Measurements of 15 tadpoles of various Gosner stages (28, 36‒38, 40, 42‒43) are given in tab. 5 View Table 5 .

Coloration. In life, dorsal body and flanks brown with dark spots. In lateral perspective, flanks comparatively lighter than dorsum. Ventral integument translucent with gut coils visible. Caudal musculature light brown with dark brown bands in some places. Anterior region of tail fin adorned with a conspicuous light beige stripe having a dark brown rim, which extends from base to proximal one-third of tail; dorsal and ventral tail fins translucent. Oral disc and vent tube translucent with no pigmentation; spiracle dotted with few melanophores.

Buccopharyngeal morphology. Buccal roof ( fig. 13a View Figure 13 ). Prenarial arena of roof with a pustulated ridge arranged in an arch. Internal nares transverse directed medially; gap between nares wide, about the length of a nare; anterior narial wall pustulose with few pustules and a short, pustulated papilla at lateral corner of the wall; posterior wall tall, smooth and valvular. Postnarial arena with a pair of tall-pustulated papilla each located immediately behind narial wall oriented medially; papillae largest on roof; two to three pustules present in front of median ridge papilla. Median ridge papilla triangular with a pustulated margin. Two lateral ridge papillae on each side of lateral walls, a long pustulated lateral ridge papilla followed by a short pustulated papilla present perpendicular to median ridge. BRA defined with four pairs of long conical pustulated papillae present on lateral border of roof; about 40 tiny pustules spread across BRA. Glandular zone broad and prominent secretory pits. Dorsal velum raised with few projections and discontinuous.

Buccal floor ( fig. 13b View Figure 13 ). Prelingual arena with two pairs of broad short pustulated palps located along posterolateral corner of jaw sheath; first pair of palps situated slightly anterior to posterolateral margin of jaw sheath; second broad pustulated palps located at posterolateral corners of jaw sheath; a pair of papillae located posteromedially between the two posterior palps on prelingual arena. Tongue anlage broad and raised; two pustulated lingual papillae with no pustules present medially. BFA well defined by BFA papillae; about 10 pairs of conical papillae spread on BFA along with 24‒30 pustules; these papillae begin anteromedially to buccal pocket and continue parallel to mesad plane, converging posteriorly. Space between tongue anlage and buccal pockets with about 10 pustules. Buccal pockets wide and transverse, oriented at 45 degrees to mesad; pre-pocket papillae absent. Region between BFA and margin of velum smooth and granular. Ventral velum wide and sinuate. Ventral velum margin smooth with 10 projections; outer three projections on each side placed wide apart and rest concentrated around center. Median notch not prominent. Glottis exposed posteriorly to ventral velum.