Minervarya ghatiborealis, Yadav & Bhosale & Patil & Khandekar & Dinesh, 2025

Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov.

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( Figures 3–6 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 ; Table 2 View TABLE 2 )

Holotype. An adult male ( ZSI / WRC / A/2702 ), collected on 28 th June 2016 from Koli aali, Mahabaleshwar , Satara District, Maharashtra, India (17.9231° N, 73.6567° E; ca. 1360 m asl.). GoogleMaps

Paratopotypes (n = 5). adult male ( NRC-AA-8437 ), GoogleMaps and adult female ( ZSI / WRC / A/2703 ), same collection data as holotype; GoogleMaps three adult males ( BNHS 6838 View Materials , BNHS 6839 View Materials , and NRC-AA-8436 ), same collection data as holotype except collected on 12 th June 2016 GoogleMaps .

Generic Allocation. Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. is assigned to the genus Minervarya based on a suite of characters as demarcated by Dubois et al. (2001) and Garg & Biju (2021) such as large adult size ( SVL ranging 55.0– 67.1 mm) presence of vomerine ridge; presence of parietal eye; weakly to well developed and a light greyish-brown glandular stripe extending from the lower half of the tympanum up to the level of the shoulders on either side; presence of fejervaryan lines on either side of the belly; absence of webbing between fingers; webbing between toes rudimentary; absence of finger and toe discs; presence of skin folds, with rugged glandular warty folds on the dorsum; and smooth ventral skin; front and back of thighs with yellow brown reticulated markings.

Description of the holotype. Specimen is in good condition except for a small mid-ventral incision for removal of liver sample ( Figs 4A–B View FIGURE 4 ). A large-sized minervaryan frog with robust body (SVL = 59.1 mm), head length equal to head width (HW/HL = 1.0), snout shape sub-elliptical in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view, snout length (SL = 8.4 mm) longer than eye diameter (EL = 7.0 mm); canthus rostralis round, loreal region concave, interorbital space flat, less than (IUE = 3.7 mm) upper eyelid width (UEW 4.7 = mm) and internarial distance (IN = 5.1 mm); distance between back of eyes 1.7 times more than front of eyes (IFE = 7.9 mm; IBE = 13.3 mm); nostril rounded, as close to the tip of snout (NS = 3.7 mm) as to the eye (NE = 3.8 mm); symphysial knob moderate, ‘W’ shaped; tympanum distinct, rounded visible below the well-developed supratympanic fold ( Fig. 4C View FIGURE 4 ) and about 48.3% of the eye diameter (TYD = 3.4 mm; EL = 7.0 mm) and placed closer to eye (TE = 2.3 mm); paired lateral vocal sac with a pair of openings at the base of lower jaw; vomerine ridges present with six spinose teeth; tongue bifid without a lingual papilla.

Arms slender and short (FLL = 12.5 mm) sub equal to hand (HAL = 13.1 mm); fingers short and thin without dermal fringes; first finger slightly longer than the second (FL1 = 5.4 mm, FL2 = 4.7 mm) third finger is longest (TFL = 7.1 mm), relative length of fingers II<I<IV<III, tips bluntly rounded without enlarged discs, webbing absent; subarticular tubercles distinct and rounded, subarticular tubercle on fingers 1:1:2:2, pre-pollex tubercle distinct; two rounded palmar tubercles; no supernumerary tubercles ( Fig. 4E View FIGURE 4 ).

Hind limbs long, overlap when folded at right angles to the body; tibio-tarsal articulation reaches front of eyes; femur length sub equal to tibia length (FL = 28.5 mm; TiL = 29.4 mm); foot length is two times tarsus length (FOL = 32.0 mm, TAL = 16.0 mm), relative toe length I<II<V<III<IV (FTL = 19.5 mm); webbing rudimentary (I 2–2 II 11/2 –3 III 2–3 IV 21/2 –2 V); inner metatarsal tubercle (IMTL = 3.6 mm) large elongated and shovel shaped; outer metatarsal tubercle small, bulbous; subarticular tubercles distinct and rounded, subarticular tubercles on toes 1:1:2:3:2; no supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle minute ( Fig. 4D View FIGURE 4 ).

Dorsal skin shagreened bearing glandular projections with tubercles and small longitudinal glandular ridges; upper eyelids sparsely tuberculate; flank shagreened with prominent granular projections and scattered glandular warts; ventrally smooth on throat and belly. Fejervaryan lines present along both sides of the belly ( Fig. 4A, B View FIGURE 4 ).

Colouration in life ( Figs 3 View FIGURE 3 , 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Dorsum greyish-brown with olive-brown blotches; lateral surfaces of head lighter than dorsum; upper, lower lip, fore arm and hind limbs with prominent crossbands, greyish-brown alternating with light grey; light greyish yellow dorsolateral stripe from tip of snout to back of vent on the dorsal surface; thighs reticulated with brown and olive; webbing light grey. Ventrally, throat was creamish white colour with black vocal sacs; belly white. Iris golden yellow, darker towards the periphery and lighter towards the center, pupil black.

Colouration in preservation ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ). Dorsum blackish brown, a thin creamy white dorsolateral stripe from tip of snout to back of vent on the dorsal surface; upper and lower jaw margins with black crossbands alternating with cream white; forelimbs and hind limbs are barred with dark grey transverse bands; Back of thighs reticulated with dark brown and cream white. Ventrally, throat with blackish vocal sacs; belly white.

Variation and additional information from paratopotype series. Morphological data are given in Table 2 View TABLE 2 including holotype. Paratopotypes SVL range from 55.0 mm to 67.1 mm. NRC-AA-8437 has tubular sac like outgrowth near right vocal sac ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 ).

Secondary Sexual Characters. Adult calling males have nuptial pads present on the first fingers and blackish bilobate vocal sacs present at the region of throat. Females are larger than males.

Etymology. The specific epithet is used as a noun in apposition and is a combination of two words, ‘ghati’ derived from Sanskrit, which refers to ‘mountain pass’ and the word ‘borealis’, from Latin meaning ‘pertaining to the north’; reflecting the restricted distribution of the new species (Mahabaleshwar mountain) in the Northern Western Ghats.

Suggested common name. Mahabaleshwar cricket frog or Northern cricket frog.

Distribution and natural history. Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. is currently known only from its type locality, Mahabaleshwar in Satara District, northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra. During the early monsoon (June), a few gregariously calling males were observed around ephemeral water bodies in an open parking area near residential buildings and in syntopy with Minervarya goemchi ( Fig. 9 View FIGURE 9 ) and M. syhadrensis . At around 21.00 hours, male and female frogs were spotted in axillary amplexus ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 ). This species was observed only for a very short duration of few weeks during the breeding season. Neither breeding activity nor adult individuals were observed after the breeding season.

Vocalization. The advertisement call oscillograms and spectrogram of holotype ( ZSI / WRC /A/2702) of Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. is given in Fig. 7A–C View FIGURE 7 . An advertisement calls of new species had an average call duration of 0.614s (± 0.014s) with average pulses 36 (± 1) delivered at a rate of 58 pulses per second. The interval between notes is 1.15 ± 0.18 (0.98–1.52) seconds. Average dominant frequency was 2494.9 ± 24.5 Hz (2422–2510 Hz).

The advertisement call oscillograms and spectrogram of M. goemchi is given in Fig. 7D–F View FIGURE 7 . An advertisement calls of this species had an average call duration of 0.442 ± 0.014s (0.423 – 0.477 s) with average pulses 15 ± 0.53 (14–16) delivered at a rate of 34 pulses per second. The interval between notes is 1.45 ± 0.27 (1.14–2.14) seconds. Average dominant frequency was 2828.6 ± 68 Hz (2725.4–2925.9 Hz).

Call duration and the number of pulses were significantly higher in M. ghatiborealis sp. nov. (Mann Whitney test: Z = 4.6, p -value = 0.00064 and Z = 4.8, p -value = 0.0000016 respectively) however dominant frequency and intercall interval duration were significantly lower in M. ghatiborealis sp. nov. (Z = -4.7, p -value = 0.00000264 and Z = -2.9, p -value = 0.002921 respectively).

Multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) comparing this species with the syntopic species suggests a considerable morphological separation between M. ghatiborealis sp. nov. and others ( M. goemchi , M. mysorensis and M. syhadrensis ) ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 ). PC1 accounted for 36.15% variance and PC2 accounted for 25.79% variance. Although four species cluster distinctly on the scatter plot of PCA, these species can be distinguished based on their morphological characters (10.5281/zenodo.14568412).

Morphological Diagnosis. Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. has a combination of unique set of morphological characters like large adult size (SVL ranging 55.0– 67.1 mm); rudimentary webbing between toes; presence of rugged glandular warty skin folds on the dorsum; smooth ventral skin; front and back of thighs with yellow brown reticulated markings and there are no similar looking syntopic congeners in the field conditions.

Comparisons with members of M. mysorensis group and syntopic congeners. In the phylogenetic analysis the new species is assignable to ‘ M. mysorensis group’ containing Minervarya goemchi , M. mysorensis , and M. brevipalmata ( Garg & Biju, 2021) ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 )). In the field, the new species is syntopic with M. goemchi and M. syhadrensis and there are no other confusing similar species in the distribution range of the new species. Hence, the new species is compared with the members of the ‘ M. mysorensis group’ and the two syntopic congeners.

Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from all described members of the M. mysorensis group as well as two syntopic congeners by a combination of the following differing or non-overlapping characters: A large-sized adult males SVL 55.01–59.1 mm (versus SVL 35–49 mm of adult males in M. goemchi ; SVL 43–53 mm of adult males in M. brevipalmata ; SVL 35–46 mm of adult males in M. mysorensis ; and SVL 25–32 mm of adult males in M. syhadrensis .

Additionally, adult males of Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the syntopic species M. goemchi in having lower IN/SVL ratio of 0.082 to 0.096 (versus higher IN/SVL ratio of 0.097 to 0.120); lower NE/SVL ratio of 0.064 to 0.073 (versus higher NE/SVL ratio of 0.076 to 0.085); lower SL/SVL ratio of 0.124 to 0.144 (versus higher SL/SVL ratio of 0.152 to 0.160); lower EL/SVL ratio of 0.108 to 0.122 (versus higher EL/SVL ratio of 0.126 to 0.132); lower IFE/SVL ratio of 0.121 to 0.142 (versus higher IFE/SVL ratio of 0.147 to 0.160); lower FL1/SVL ratio of 0.081 to 0.091 (versus higher FL1/SVL ratio of 0.101 to 0.126); lower FL2/SVL ratio of 0.067 to 0.082 (versus higher FL2/SVL ratio of 0.097 to 0.112); higher MN/SVL ratio of 0.261 to 0.285 (versus lower MN/SVL ratio of 0.243 to 0.254); higher AGL/SVL ratio of 0.442 to 0.465 (versus lower AGL/SVL ratio of 0.379 to 0.425); higher ShL/SVL ratio of 0.480 to 0.483 (versus lower ShL/SVL ratio of 0.442 to 0.477); higher TiL/SVL ratio of 0.498 to 0.544 (versus lower TiL/SVL ratio of 0.402 to 0.494); snout sub-elliptical (versus snout pointed).

Adult males of Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. can be distinguished from M. mysorensis in having lower NE/SVL ratio of 0.064 to 0.073 (versus higher NE/SVL ratio of 0.084 to 0.085); lower MN/SVL ratio of 0.261 to 0.285 (versus higher MN/SVL ratio of 0.287 to 0.296); lower SL/SVL ratio of 0.124 to 0.144 (versus higher SL/SVL ration of 0.149 to 0. 152); lower FL1/SVL ratio of 0.081 to 0.091 (versus higher FL1/SVL ratio of 0.094 to 0.097); lower FOL/SVL ratio of 0.508 to 0.545 (versus higher FOL/SVL ratio of 0.568 to 0.571); higher AGL/SVL ratio of 0.442 to 0.465 (versus lower AGL/SVL ratio of 0.369 to 0.380).

Adult males of Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. can be distinguished from M. brevipalmata in having lower FLL/SVL ratio of 0.183 to 0.215 (versus higher FLL/SVL ratio of 0.565 to 0.585); lower FL1/SVL ratio of 0.081 to 0.091 (versus higher FL1/SVL ratio of 0.109 to 0.133); lower FL2/SVL ratio of 0.067 to 0.080 (versus higher FL1/SVL ratio of 0.087 to 0.111); lower FOL/SVL ratio of 0.508 to 0.545 (versus higher FOL/SVL ratio of 0.585 to 0.652); lower FTL/SVL ratio of 0.317 to 0.440 (versus lower AGL/SVL ratio of 0.512 to 0.556).

Adult males of Minervarya ghatiborealis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the syntopic species M. syhadrensis in having lower IN/SVL ratio of 0.084 to 0.096 (versus higher IN/SVL ratio of 0.098 to 0.130); lower SL/SVL ratio of 0.126 to 0.143 (versus higher SL/SVL ratio of 0.159 to 0.161); lower EL/SVL ratio of 0.107 to 0.123 (versus higher EL/SVL ratio of 0.140 to 0.157); lower IUE/SVL ratio of 0.043 to 0.068 (versus higher IUE/SVL ratio of 0.073 to 0.083); lower FLL/SVL ratio of 0.183 to 0.215 (versus higher FLL/SVL ratio of 0.422 to 0.435); higher MN/SVL ratio of 0.261 to 0.285 (versus lower MN/SVL ratio of 0.221 to 0.237); higher MFE/SVL ratio of 0.203 to 0.245 (versus lower MFE/SVL ratio of 0.158 to 0.197); higher MBE/SVL ratio of 0.110 to 0.151 (versus lower MBE/SVL ratio of 0.084 to 0.103); dorsum glandular with ridged folds (versus dorsum smooth with irregular longitudinal folds but not glandular).