Dicyphus, FIEBER, 1858

DICYPHUS FIEBER View in CoL

Dicyphus Fieber, 1858: 327 View in CoL [(original description; type species: Capsus collaris Fallén, 1807 View in CoL = Dicyphus errans (Wolf, 1804) View in CoL ]; Carvalho, 1958: 191 (world catalogue); Schuh, 1995: 487 (world catalogue; rejection of subgeneric classification); Cassis (1986): 34 (redescription).

Abibalus Distant, 1909: 521 (original designation; type species – Abibalus regulus Distant, 1909 , by monotypy); Cassis, 1986: 69 (synonymy).

Bucobia Poppius, 1914: 16 (original designation; type species – Bucobia gracilis Poppius, 1914 , by monotypy); Cassis, 1986: 69 (synonymy).

Dicyphus (Dicyphus) Wagner, 1951: 7 (subgeneric arrangement).

Diagnosis

D i c y p h u s (D i c y p h u s) i s r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e f o l - lowing combination of characters: macropters or brachypters; body elongate and parallel-sided; body usually pale brown to stramineous, contrasting with darker markings, usually mid to orange brown, sometimes with red highlighting; body with sparse to moderate distribution of short to elongate hairlike to bristlelike setae, usually semierect; head with a V- or X-shaped dark-brown marking; femora stramineous with brown spotting; pronotum tripartite, with collar long, callosite region well defined and medially confluent; evaporative area extensive, peritreme tongue-shaped; left paramere scythe-shaped, with apophysis short to greatly elongate, and apex usually expanded; aedeagus with multilobed endosomal membrane, often with lobal sclerites or tightly compacted spinules, rarely without sclerotization.

Redescription

Mostly elongate and parallel-sided body; body length: macropterous males 2.91–5.80 mm, brachypterous males 2.04–5.10 mm; macropterous females 3.18– 6.02 mm, brachypterous females 2.35–5.67 mm.

Coloration: Body mostly stramineous to yellowishbrown, with dark brown to fuscous and reddish markings, sometimes more dark brown to fuscous, with paler markings, rarely with both pale and dark colour morphs; dorsum usually polished, more so head and pronotum. Head: always with a dark brown to fuscous V- to X-shaped marking on frons+vertex, bounded by paler coloration, usually stramineous to yellow, sometimes orange; clypeus usually pale, sometimes with brown markings, rarely uniformly dark brown; mandibular plate uniformly stramineous; maxillary plate dark brown; gula nearly always pale, rarely dark brown and concolorous with genae. Pronotum: collar usually stramineous to whitish, most often translucent, occasionally darker brown highlighting, rarely mostly dark brown; callosite region stramineous with dark brown to fuscous highlighting, sometimes darker overall; disk most often pale, stramineous to yellow, sometimes with orange highlighting, with humeral angles often embrowned, occasionally darker overall. Mesoscutum: usually stramineous to orange, often with lateral regions dark brown to fuscous. Scutellum : often medially dark brown, sometimes broadly so, rarely more fuscous, lateral regions stramineous, sometimes with orange highlighting; sometimes paler overall, with midline paler brown, with orange or reddish tint. Hemelytra : mostly stramineous to yellowish-brown, often translucent; clavus sometimes medially embrowned; corium sometimes with light to dark brown spotting, often with two pairs of larger brown to fuscous spots at corial fracture, apex of endocorium, coupled with dark brown spot at apex of cuneus, sometimes markings more reddish-brown to red; membrane veins usually embrowned, sometimes reddish. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron mostly stramineous to light brown with transverse polished dark-brown band; mesobasisternum usually polished dark brown to fuscous, rarely with broad stramineous region laterally; mesepimeron usually stramineous; metepisternum stramineous to brown, sometimes with peritreme contrasting. Legs: stramineous to light brown; femora always with two separated rows of small brown spots, rarely with spots larger and subcontiguous; tibiae usually uniformly stramineous to light brown, base rarely with narrow dark-brown annulation; tarsi mostly stramineous with apex embrowned. Abdomen: venter often stramineous, with embrownment laterally, sometimes with brown spot posteroventrally on pygophore.

Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse to moderate distribution of bristlelike setae, usually longer and more robust on head and pronotum; lateral and ventral regions of body mostly glabrous, with abdominal venter with hairlike setae, more densely distributed posteriorly.

Structure: Head: subpengatonal,usuallywitheyesenlarged, removed from anterior margin of pronotum by at least width of AII; frons rounded anteriorly, with clypeus visible from above. Antennae: usually elongate and thin; AI usually subequal or a little longer than interocular distance; AII usually longer than posterior width of pronotum. Labium: usually reaching metacoxae. Pronotum: tripartite; collar flattened and long, with anterior margin weakly excavate; calli well-defined, with strongly demarcated posterior margin,usuallyclearlydividedinmidline;diskusuallylonger than callosite region, rarely shorted, with posterior margin excavated, humeral angles rounded. Thoracic pleura and sterna: proepimeron weakly depressed; mesobasisternum swollen. Metathoracic glands: evaporative areas extensive, reaching near dorsal margin of metepisternum; peritreme tongue-shaped. Legs: usually very long, with femora parallel-sided, oval in cross-section, metafemora significantly longer than mesofemora; pretarsi with sublinear claws, large fleshy pseudopulvilli. Male genitalia: pygophore mid to large size, weakly asymmetrical; left paramere much larger than right, scythe like, with short tumorose sensory lobe, apophysis short to greatly elongate, with apex spatulate, often with outer margin denticulate; right paramere very small, subcolumnar; phallotheca simple, with broad ventral opening; endosoma with multiple membraneous lobed, usually three lobes, either with a pair of relatively large lobal sclerites, straight to arcuate, symmetrical or asymmetrical, or with field of small lobal sclerites, varying between 2 and 12 in number, closely aggregated, lateral lobes of endosoma often with field of minute spinules. Female genitalia: pair of oval sclerotized rings; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix simple and membraneous, without processes or prominent sclerotization.

Remarks

Dicyphus (Dicyphus) is differentiated from the other Dicyphus subgenera by the shape of the pronotal calli and features of the male genitalia. Wagner (1951) provided a subgeneric key to Dicyphus and differentiated the nominotypical subgenus by the large and medially contiguous pronotal calli, the longer and more parallel-sided body and elongate appendages. There are limited external characters that support separation of the subgenera beyond the callosite morphology, although species of Dicyphus (Brachyceraea) are in general smaller and more rounded in size, and lack the X-/V-shaped marking on the frons+vertex. Also, species of Dicyphus (Dicyphus) have a distinctive left paramere that is scythe-shaped, which varies in the length of the apophysis and shape ( Figs 9–11, 23), and in most cases have a spatulate apex of the apophysis, which is somewhat flattened in D. flavoviridis and D. pallidus ( Fig. 10).

The genital opening of the pygophore is dorsal in orientation in Dicyphus , and does not show any significant variation ( Figs 6–8, 26–29). The orientation of the parameres is also consistent at the supraspecific level, with the left paramere larger than the right. The shaft of the left paramere lies parallel to the ventral margin of the genital opening of the pygophore. In contrast, the shape of the left paramere is of primary significance in determining species.