Zaretis hurin, 2019

ZARETIS HURIN DIAS SP. NOV.

( FIGS 11E–H, 15I, 17C, D, 20; SUPPORTING INFORMATION, APPENDIX S6)

[u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 1 F D F E B 5 0 - 9 0 C 0 - 4D7B-BA9A-5941623321F6]

Type material

Male holotype with the following labels:/ HOLOTYPUS / HOLOTYPE Zaretis hurin Dias det. 2016 / 17-XII-2009 /FAZ[enda]. Matão 25 KM L de [east of] LOANDA, Paraná , 400 m [23 o 1′24″S, 53 o 4′52″W], CARNEIRO GoogleMaps & DOLIBAINA LEG. /DNA FER003 wg, EF1a, CAD /DZ 19.467 /BC-DZ / ( DZUP). Female allotype with the following labels: / ALLOTYPUS / ALLOTYPE Zaretis hurin Dias det. 2016 / 14-XII-2009 /FAZ[enda]. Matão 25 KM L de [east of] LOANDA, Paraná , 400 m [23 o 1′24″S, 53 o 4′52″W], MIELKE, MAIA, CARNEIRO GoogleMaps & DOLIBAINA LEG. /DZ 19.801 /BC-DZ / (DZUP).

Paratypes: ARGENTINA, Formosa, Laguna Blanca, Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo, Parador Yaguarete (orilla Rio Pilcomayo ), 82 m, 2 #m, 30.V.2011, NúñezBustos & Kopuchian leg., MACN-Bar-Lep-ct 02714, MACN-Bar-Lep-ct 02744 (MACN); Misiones, Gal. Belgrano, Almirante Brown , Reserva Yacutinga , 4 #m, 2–5.III.2007, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 15.516, DZ 15.530, DZ 23.675, DZ 23.775 (DZUP); BRASIL, Acre, Senador Guiomard , Reserva Catuaba , 1 #f, 1,3– 5.X.2006, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 20.439 (DZUP); Amazonas, Canutama, Fazenda 3 Coqueiros, 12 km West, km 90 Estrada P. Velho-Humaitá, 1 #m, 30.VI.2001, Mielke leg., OM 53.721 (OM); Mato Grosso, Diamantino, Alto Rio Arinos, Faz. São João , 1 #m, 22.I.1978, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 22.902 (DZUP); Chapada dos Guimarães , Buriti, Colégio Buriti , 600 m, #m, 25.VI.1972, Mielke & Brown leg., DZ 22.742 (DZUP); Cáceres, 1 #f, 16.XI.1984, Buzzi, Mielke, Elias & Casagrande leg., DZ 22.692 (DZUP); 2 #m, 18.XI.1984, Buzzi, Mielke, Elias & Casagrande leg., DZ 15.554, DZ 19.926 (DZUP); 1 #m, 15.XI.1984, Buzzi, Mielke, Elias & Casagrande leg., DZ 19.547 (DZUP); Paraná, Diamante do Norte, EE Caiuá, 300 m, 1 #m, 12.IV.2011, Dolibaina & Salik leg., DZ 19.596 (DZUP); Loanda, RPPN Faz. Matão, 400m, 1 #f, 11.X.2009, Carneiro, Leite, Dias & Dolibaina leg., DZ 22.672 (DZUP); 1 #m, 18–21.IV.2008, Dolibaina leg., DZ 23.645 (DZUP); Planaltina do Paraná, RPPN Duas Barras , 1 #m & #f, 13.V.2009, Dolibana & Carneiro, DZ 19.388, DZ 22.482 (DZUP); Rondônia, Jaru, 250 m, #m, 4–12.IX.1977, Gifford & Negrett leg., DZ 15.582 (DZUP); Ouro Preto do Oeste, 1 #m, 17–31.VIII.1987, Elias leg., DZ 20.391 (DZUP); Roraima, Alto Alegre , Ilha de Maracá, 3 #m & 2 #f, 24–31.VIII.1987, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 19.529, DZ 20.166, DZ 15.575, DZ 22.582, DZ 23.685 (DZUP); 1 #f, 23–28.II.1986, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 20.417 (DZUP); São Paulo, Teodoro Sampaio, Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, 1 #m, 17–19.VIII.1989, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 22.592 (DZUP); ECUADOR, Morona-Santiago, forest ridge nr. Yaupi, 400 m, 1 #m, 20.VI.2009, Gallice leg., LEP-14967 (FLMNH); Río Wampis , 300– 450 m, 1 #m, 22.VI.2009, Gallice leg., LEP-14961 (FLMNH); Orellana, Boca del Río Añangu , Río Napo, 220 m – 300 m, 2 #m, 6.XI.2005, 15.XI.2005, Willmott leg., LEP-06365, LEP-06368 (FLMNH); Estación Científica Yasuní, 400 m, 1 #m, 4.VI.2004, Gallice leg., LEP-14966 (FLMNH); Estación Científica Yasuní, parcela 50 Ha, 250–270 m, 1 #m, 5.VII.2014, Willmott & Paez leg., LEP-14950 (FLMNH); Napo Wildlife Center, Napo trail, 250 m, 1 #m, 22.X.2005, Elias leg., LEP-06364 (FLMNH); Yarina , 250 m, 1 #m, VIII–IX.2012, Gallice leg., LEP-14922 (FLMNH); 1 #m, 2010, no collector, LEP-17608 (FLMNH); Zamora-Chinchipe, Quebrada Maycú , 900 m, 1 #m, 30.VI.2014, Willmott leg., LEP-14948 (FLMNH); Pastaza, Puyo via Tena , 750 m, 1 #m, no collector, OM 71.145 (OM); Rio Anzu , 1 #m, 30.XI.1998, no collector, OM 71.123 (OM); PERU, Cuzco, Chontachaca, Cosñipata Valley, 950m, 1 #f, 2012, no collector, OM 71.167 (OM); Loreto, Quebrada Polis, Momón River , 1 #m, X.2009, Ramírez leg., DZ 19.624 (DZUP); San Juan de Poli, Momón River , 1 #m, X.2009, Ramírez leg., DZ 19.229 (DZUP) San Martin, Juanjuí , 700m, 1 #m, 28.VIII.2011, Tafur Novoa leg., OM 71.791 (OM).

Diagnosis

Zaretis hurin sp. nov., as with most species of the genus, is extremely variable and extremely similar to its congeners. This species is sympatric with Z. itys , Z. isidora , Z. strigosus and Z. falcis in the Amazon basin and the Guianas, and with Z. strigosus in the Atlantic forest. Males ( Fig. 11E, F) can be distinguished from all sympatric species occurring in the Amazon basin and the Guianas by the presence of a purplish sheen on the FW upperside when viewed obliquely. It can be distinguished further from Z. itys by the more strongly developed emargination of the inner margin at the FW tornus; from Z. isidora by the coloration of the wings, which are generally darker; and from Z. falcis by the coloration of the wings, which are generally darker and with more homogeneous dark orange to reddish brown areas and have a less falcate FW apex. In the Atlantic forest, where the characteristic purplish sheen of Z. hurin sp. nov. is absent, the species can be distinguished from Z.strigosus by the coloration, which is generally darker and more homogeneous; the post-median band of the FWD and submarginal bands of the both wings are faint or absent and the post-median band of the HWD is usually strongly developed. Owing to the variation in males of Z. hurin sp. nov. and Z. strigosus , certain identification in Atlantic forest can be achieved only by examination of the genitalia; in Z. hurin sp. nov., the uncus is longer, thinner and curved, with a small distal callus, and the gnathos is not enlarged at the dorsal half ( Fig. 15I). Females ( Fig. 11G, H) are similar to Z. isidora and can be distinguished from Z. itys , Z. falcis and Z. strigosus by the same set of characters. Owing to the variation in females of Z. hurin sp. nov., Z. isidora and Z. strigosus , identification with respect to Z. strigosus can be confirmed only by examination of the genitalia; in Z. hurin sp. nov., the lamella postvaginalis is longer than wide, with a bilobed posterior edge ( Fig. 17C, D). Identification with respect to Z. isidora can be confirmed only with molecular data; although the uppersides of the wing basal areas are usually darker and the post-median band of the HWD is usually more strongly developed in Z. hurin sp. nov., there are only minor differences between the genitalia of both species.

Description

Head: Eyes reddish brown and naked; labial palpus creamy white ventrally, dark orange to reddish brown dorsally and at the tip; antennal length about one-third of the forewing length, segments dark brown with some ventral creamy white scaling; club slender and elongated, tip dark orange to reddish brown. Female as in male, but usually lighter in colour, orange to dark orange.

Thorax: Dorsally dark orange to reddish brown with scattered brownish and greenish scaling; ventrally dark orange to reddish brown, with area between legs creamy white; forelegs with creamy white scales in the tarsus; mid-leg femora, tibiae and tarsi and hindleg tibiae and tarsi creamy white, speckled with dark orange to reddish brown scales. Female as in male, but usually lighter in colour, orange to dark orange.

Wing size and shape: Forewing length, typical for genus. Forewing costal margin convex; apex slightly pointed and falcate; outer margin sinuous, smooth to slightly crenulated; inner margin straight, emargination before tornus developed, about one-third the length of the inner margin. Hindwing with slight emargination at Sc–Rs; outer margin rounded, smooth to slightly crenulated, with a developed projection at 2A; inner margin almost straight. Female larger than male, and FW shape rounder and more falcate; emargination before tornus developed; hindwing proportionately larger than male; emargination at Sc–Rs developed; apex projected at Rs; outer margin straighter than male; inner margin moderatedly emarginated near the tornus.

Wing colour and pattern, upper side: Ground colour of both wings dark orange to reddish brown with brown to dark brown markings, fore- and hindwings of similar ground colour. Forewing basal, median and submarginal area along the outer margin usually coalesced; median and post-median bands faint or absent; submarginal area near the apex and marginal area coalesced, brown to dark brown, along the outer margin to the apex; discal spot of the same colour, usually large; presence of hyaline areas in M 3 –CuA 1 and CuA 1 –CuA 2 on the median band variable, but usually faint or absent. Hindwing areas of the same colour, orange to reddish brown; median band usually developed, from the costal margin to the discal cell; discal spot absent; post-median and submarginal bands faint, more noticeable near the costal margin; apex suffused with dark brown; border ocelli faint or absent; anal fold lighter in colour; tornal projection at 2A usually darker with some creamy white scaling. Female forewing basal area darker than post-median area and submarginal area along the outer margin orange to dark orange; post-median area and submarginal area along the outer margin pale yellow to yellow; discal spot, submarginal area near the apex and marginal area brown to dark brown, the two latter coalesced; median and post-median bands usually faint, orange to dark orange. Hindwing basal and marginal areas usually darker than median, post-median and submarginal areas, orange to dark orange; median, post-median and submarginal areas pale yellow to yellowish orange; median band usually developed, from the costal margin to the discal cell; the discal spot absent; post-median and submarginal bands faint, more noticeable near the costal margin; apex suffused with dark brown; border ocelli faint or absent; anal fold lighter in colour; tornal projection at 2A usually darker with some creamy white scaling.

Wing colour and pattern, underside: Ground colour of both wings reddish brown to brown, with random speckles of scales lighter and darker than the ground colour in a ripple pattern. Forewing areas of similar colour, post-median and submarginal areas along the outer margin slightly lighter; all bands noticeable, slightly darker than the ground colour, but submaginal band from the inner margin to CuA 1 darker and more distinct; border ocelli faint, formed by dark brown and creamy white scales, scattered near the apex. Hindwing areas similar in colour to the FW; all bands noticeable, slightly darker than the ground colour, but median and post-median bands and the posterior part of umbra darker and more distinct. Female forewing basal, submarginal area near the apex and marginal areas darker than other areas and similar in colour, orange to brown; post-median and submarginal areas along the outer margin, beige to pale yellow; all bands noticeable, orange to brown. Hindwing basal area darker, orange to brown; median, post-median and submarginal areas beige to pale yellow; marginal area pale yellow to orange; all bands notiaceable, orange to brown, but median and post-median bands and the posterior part of umbra darker and more distinct; border ocelli faint, formed by dark brown and creamy white scales; tornal projection at 2A usually with some creamy white scaling.

Abdomen: Dorsally uniform dark orange to reddish brown; ventrally lighter in colour. Female as in male, but lighter in colour, orange to dark orange.

Male genitalia ( Fig.15I): Tegumen trapezoidal in lateral view, dorsally wider, strongly attached to the uncus, and only attached to the gnathos by membranes; appendix angularis hooked; saccus short, not projected anteriorly; dorsal projection of the saccus ‘C’ shaped and projected dorsad at a right angle; uncus about the same siza as the tegumen, semitubular, thin and lightly curved, with a well-developed median dorsal ridge, distally hooked and with a ventral callus; gnathos laterally slightly curved, dorsally thin, produced ventrad, arms parallel; ventral part of the gnathos bar shaped and fused medially; valva externally covered with short setae, costa long and curved, developed anteriad, with two developed projections, one between the costa and the harpe, and another at the end of the harpe; sacculus triangular, ampulla developed and rounded; aedeagus as long as the length of the tegumen and uncus combined, cylindrical and bifid distally, without cornuti; manica inserted slightly anterior to the half of the aedeagus; fultura inferior thin, bar shaped.

Female genitalia ( Fig. 17C, D): Tergum VIII triangular, ventrally attached to the sides of the lamella postvaginalis and dorsally to the lamella antevaginalis by a strong dorsally projected loop, this with a small anterior projection; papilla analis rounded and with short setae, projecting the apophysis posterioris; lamella antevaginalis asymmetrical, connected to the sides of the lamella postvaginalis by lightly sclerotized projections, left side larger than the right; lamella postvaginalis longer than wide, anterior area with a small membranous area, and posterior edge bilobed; seminal duct close to the base of the ductus bursae; posterior half of the ductus bursae bulbous; corpus bursae laterally compressed, about the same length of the ductus bursae, bearing two parallel signa, which are thin and long, formed by minute sclerotized bumps.

Discussion

The description of Z. hurin sp. nov. is based on 46 barcoded specimens, ten male specimens from Ecuador (Orellana, Zamora-Chinchipe and Morona-Santiago), deposited at the FLMNH, and 26 male and ten female specimens from Argentina ( Formosa, Misiones), Brazil (Acre, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná , Rondônia, Roraima and São Paulo ), Ecuador (Pastaza) and Peru (Cuzco, San Martin ) deposited at the DZUP and MACN. Only barcoded specimens are designated as paratypes, although several other specimens were examined in other collections. Zaretis hurin sp. nov. probably failed to be identified as a distinct species in the past because of its similarity to other species of Zaretis ; its distinctive characters were most likely to be regarded as intraspecific variations. Nevertheless, clear differences are noticeable when long series of specimens are available for examination. Despite the number of specific names proposed in the genus, no previously proposed name corresponds to Z. hurin sp. nov., although many authors recognized the coexistence of two distinctive ‘phenotypes’ or ‘genotypes’ of Zaretis in Argentina ( Formosa, Misiones), southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay ( Sharpe, 1890; Köhler, 1923; Kivirikko, 1936; Hayward, 1964; Nuñez-Bustos, 2008, 2009; Lavinia et al., 2017). One of these corresponds to Z. strigosus and the other to Z. hurin sp. nov. This species occurs in two distinct phenotypes, in the Amazon basin and the Guianas, with a purple sheen when viewed obliquely, and without such a sheen in interior Atlantic forests to the south. The Brazilian state of Mato Grosso marks the transition between these two phenotypes. As far as we know, specimens of Z. hurin sp. nov. without a purplish sheen only occur sympatrically with both Z. isidora and Z. strigosus in this state, where the distinction between those three species can be difficult. Specimens of Z. strigosus can be distinguished easily by the examination of the male genitalia; bowever, both sexes of Z. isidora can be difficult to distinguish, especially females. Some specimens can be identified safely only by analysis of their DNA barcodes.

Distribution

Widespread in the Amazon basin and the Guianas, usually from low to mid-elevations in the eastern slopes of the Andes, in Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima), Ecuador and Peru; and in seasonal semidecidual forests in Argentina (Formosa and Misiones), Brazil ( Paraná , São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul) ( Fig. 20). The species probably occurs in the remaining coutries of the Amazon basin and the Guianas and may occur in northwestern Argentina (i.e. Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta and Tucumán) and in other parts of western and southern Brazil (i.e. Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina) and eastern Paraguay.

Etymology

The name of the new species is derived from the Quendi word ‘ hurin ’, meaning ‘hidden’ or ‘concealed’ in Quenya, the constructed language devised by J. R. R. Tolkien (ISO 639-3: qya). The name is given in reference to the elusive nature of the species-level taxonomy of Zaretis and is proposed as a noun in apposition.

Examined material

See Supporting Information, Appendix S1.