Hymenoptera

( Hymenoptera View in CoL View at ENA : Chalcidoidea) from India. Entomon 21: 77–87.

Narendran TC, Anil K. 1998 [1995]. A key to Indian species of Eupelmus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) with descriptions of eleven new species. Journal of the Zoological Society of Kerala 5: 1–15.

Narendran TC, Sudheer K. 2004. Descriptions of two new species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from Oriental region and notes on the synonymy of a species of Eupelmus Dalman. Journal of Advanced Zoology 25: 61–65.

Nees ab Esenbeck CG. 1834. Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium, Monographiae, genera Europaea et species illustrantes 2. Stuttgart, Tübingen: Sumptibus J. G. Cottae.

Nikol’skaya MN. 1952. Khal’tsidy fauny SSSR (Chalcidoidea). Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, 44 [The Chalcid Fauna of the USSR. Keys for the fauna of the USSR, 44]. Moscow, Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.

Noyes JS. 2015. Universal Chalcidoidea database. Available at: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/ chalcidoids.

Peck O. 1963. A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Canadian Entomologist 30 (Suppl.): 1–1092.

Peters RS, Baur H. 2011. A revision of the Dibrachys cavus species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa 2937: 1–30.

Phillips WJ, Poos FW. 1927. Two hymenopterous parasites of American jointworms. Journal of Agricultural Research 34: 473–488.

Polaszek A, Evans GA, Bennet FD. 1992. Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82: 375–392.

Polaszek A, Manzari S, Quicke DLJ. 2004. Morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis of the Encarsia meritoria species-complex (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) of economic importance. Zoologica Scripta 33: 403–421.

Polaszek A, Ayshford T, Yahya BE, Fusu L. 2014. Wallaceaphytis: an unusual new genus of parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Borneo. Journal of Natural History 48: 1111–1123.

Popovici OA, Bin F, Masner L, Popovici M, Notton D. 2011. Triteleia peyerimhoffi comb. n., a remarkably variable circum-Mediterranean scelionid (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea). ZooKeys 140: 71–99.

Popovici OA, Masner L, Notton DG, Popovici M. 2013 a. A review of Western Palaearctic Amblyscelio and Baryconus (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea, Platygastridae). Zootaxa 3599: 325–342.

Popovici OA, Masner L, Notton DG, Popovici M. 2013 b. Revision of the European species of Calotelea Westwood (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea). Zootaxa 3664: 233–258.

Procter W. 1938. Biological survey of the Mount Desert region. VI. The insect fauna with references to methods of capture, food plants, the flora and other biological features. Philadelphia: The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology.

Provancher L. 1883. Faune Canadienne. Hymenopteres. Additions et corrections (Continué). Naturaliste Canadien 14: 33–38.

Pujade i Villar J. 1989. Primeros datos sobre los eupélmidos asociados a agallas en Cataluña (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) con la descripción del macho de Macroneura seculata (Ferrière, 1954). Orsis 4: 151–160.

Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Xie D, Drummond AJ. 2014. Tracer v1.6. Available at http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer.

R Core Team. 2016. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.R-project.org/.

Regier JC, Shultz JW, Zwick A, Hussey A, Ball B, Wetzer R, Martin JW, Cunningham CW. 2010. Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences. Nature 463: 1079–1083.

Regier JC, Zwick A. 2011. Sources of signal in 62 proteincoding nuclear genes for higher-level phylogenetics of arthropods. PLoS One 6: e23408. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023408.

Reinhard H. 1857. Beiträge zur Geschichte und Synonymie der Pteromalinen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 1: 70–80.

Retzius AJ. 1783. Caroli De Geer genera et species Insectorum. Lipsiae: Apud Siegfried Lebrecht Crusium.

Riedel A, Daawia D, Balke M. 2010. Deep cox1 divergence and hyperdiversity of Trigonopterus weevils in a New Guinea mountain range (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Zoologica Scripta 39: 63–74.

Riley CV. 1885. On the parasites of the hessian fly. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 8: 413–422, 1 plate.

Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.

Ruschka F. 1921. Chalcididenstudien I. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 70: 234–315.

Saito M, Kojima S, Endo K. 2000. Mitochondrial COI sequences of brachiopods: genetic code shared with protostomes and limits of utility for phylogenetic reconstruction. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15: 331–344.

Schmidt S, Polaszek A. 2007. The Australian species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea:Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) and armoured scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Journal of Natural History 41: 2099–2265.

Shevtsova E, Hansson C. 2011. Species recognition through wing interference patterns (WIPs) in Achrysocharoides Girault (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) including two new species. ZooKeys 154: 9–30.

Shevtsova E, Hansson C, Janzen DH, Kjaerandsen J. 2011. Stable structural color patterns displayed on transparent insect wings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108: 668–673.

Shorthouse DP. 2010. SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. Available at: http://www.simplemappr.net.

Silvestro M. 2012. raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 12: 335–337.

Simon S, Frati F, Beckenbach A, Crespi B, Liu H, Flook P. 1994. Evolution, weighting, phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87: 651–701.

Smith DR. 1996. Discovery and spread of the Asian horntail, Eriotremex formosanus (Matsumura) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), in the United States. Journal of Entomological Science 31: 166–171.

Smith L, Rutz DA. 1991. Seasonal and relative abundance of hymenopterous parasitoids attacking house fly pupae at dairy farms in central New York, USA. Environmental Entomology 20: 661–668.

Smith MA, Fernández-Triana JL, Eveleigh E, Gómez J, Guclu C, Hallwachs W, Hebert PDN, Harcek J, Huber JJ, Janzen D, Mason PG, Miller S, Quicke DLJ, Rodriguez JJ, Rougerie R, Shaw MR, Várkonyi G, Ward DF, Whitfield JB, Zaldívar-Riverón A. 2013. DNA barcoding and the taxonomy of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae): impacts after 8 years and nearly 20 000 sequences. Molecular Ecology Resources 13: 168–176.

Song H, Moulton MJ, Whiting MF. 2014. Rampant nuclear insertion of mtDNA across diverse lineages within Orthoptera (Insecta). PLoS One 9: e110508. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0110508

Spinola M. 1808. Insectorum Liguriae species novae aut rariores, quas in agro ligustico nuper detexit, descripsit, et iconibus illustravit.Tom. II. Genoa: Sumptibus auctoris, typis Yvonis Gravier.

Spinola M. 1811. Essai d’une nouvelle classification des Diplolépaires. Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 17: 138–152.

Stamatakis A. 2014. RAxML Version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313.

Stone G, French V. 2003. Evolution: have wings come, gone and come again? Current Biology 13: 436–438.

Stouthamer R. 1993. The use of sexual versus asexual wasps in biological control. Entomophaga 38: 3–6.

Stouthamer R, Mak F. 2002. Influence of antibiotics on the offspring production of the Wolbachia -infected parthenogenetic parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 80: 41–45.

Tänzler R, Sagata K, Surbakti S, Balke M, Riedel A. 2012. DNA barcoding for community ecology - how to tackle a hyperdiverse, mostly undescribed Melanesian fauna. PLoS One 7: e28832. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028832

Thomson CG. 1876. Skandinaviens Hymenoptera 4. Lund: Håkan Ohlssons Boktryckeri.

Trjapitzin VA. 1978. Fam. Eupelmidae. In: Medvedev GS, ed. Opredelitel’ Nasekomyh Evropeiscoi Chasti SSSR., vol. III, Hymenoptera II [Keys for the insects of the European part of USSR]. Leningrad: Nauka, 228–236.

Tudor C. 1969. Espèces chalcidoides (Hymenoptera – Chalcidoidea) de la faune Roumanie [sic]. Comunicări de Zoologie. Prima consfătuire naţională de entomologie 2: 305–314.

Vaidya G, Lohman DJ, Meier R. 2011. SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information. Cladistics 27: 171–180.

Veijalainen A, Broad GR, Wahlberg N, Longino JT, Sääksjärvi IE. 2011. DNA barcoding and morphology reveal two common species in one: Pimpla molesta stat. rev. separated from P. croceipes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). ZooKeys 124: 59–70.

Walker F. 1837. Monographia Chalciditum (Continued.) Entomological Magazine 4: 349–364.

Walker F. 1839. Monographia Chalciditum 2. Species collected by C. Darwin, Esq. London: Hippolyte Bailliere.

Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Grzywacz B, Maryańska- Nadachowska A, Karamysheva TV, Rubtsov NB, Chobanov DP. 2009. Chromosomal differentiation among bisexual European species of Saga (Orthoptera:Tettigoniidae: Saginae) detected by both classical and molecular methods. European Journal of Entomology 106: 1–9.

Wickham H. 2009. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Xia X. 2013. DAMBE5: a comprehensive software package for data analysis in molecular biology and evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 1720–1728.

Xia X, Lemey P. 2009. Assessing substitution saturation with DAMBE. In: Lemey P, Salemi M, Vandamme A-M, eds. The phylogenetic handbook: a practical approach to DNA and protein phylogeny, 2nd edn. New York: Cambridge University Press, 615–630.

Xia X, Xie Z, Salemi M, Chen L, Wang Y. 2003. An index of substitution saturation and its application. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26: 1–7.

Yang Z-Q. 1996. Parasitic wasps on bark beetles in China (Hymenoptera). Beijing: Science Press.

Zchori-Fein E, Roush RT, Hunter MS. 1992. Male production induced by antibiotic treatment in Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an asexual species. Experientia 48: 102–105.

Zuker M. 2003. Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Research 31: 3406–3415.

Zwick A. 2013. Degeneracy coding web service. PhyloTools. Available at: http://www.phylotools.com/ptdegenwebservice. htm

Zwick A, Regier JC, Zwickl DJ. 2012. Resolving discrepancy between nucleotides and amino acids in deep-level arthropod phylogenomics: differentiating serine codons in 21-aminoacid models. PLoS One 7: e47450. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0047450

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher’s website:

Figure S2 View Figures 1–14 . COI, unpartitioned matrix, BI.

Figure S3 View Figures 1–14 . COI, partitioned by codon position, ML.

Figure S4 View Figures 1–14 . COI, partitioned by codon position, BI.

Figure S5 View Figures 1–14 . COI, degenerate codding, ML.

Figure S6 View Figures 1–14 . COI, 3rd codon position excluded, ML.

Figure S7. 28S View Figures 1–14 View Figure 15 View Figure 16 View Figure 17 View Figure 18 View Figures 19–26 View Figures 27–34 , unpartitioned, BI.

Figure S8. 28S View Figures 1–14 View Figure 15 View Figure 16 View Figure 17 View Figure 18 View Figures 19–26 View Figures 27–34 , partitioned using RNA secondary structure paring, ML.

Figure S9 View Figures 1–14 . COI +28S, partitioned analysis of the concatenated dataset including all sequences, ML.

Figure S10 View Figures 1–14 . COI +28S, partitioned analysis of the concatenated dataset including all sequences, BI.

Figure S11 View Figures 1–14 . COI +28S, partitioned analysis of the concatenated dataset excluding 3 species represented only by COI or 28S, BI.

Figure S12 View Figures 1–14 . COI +28S, partitioned analysis of the concatenated dataset including only specimens with both gene fragments, BI.

Figure S13 View Figures 1–14 . PCA and shape PCA of of the species of Eupelmus vesicularis complex (outliers included).

Table S1. Number of rearing events for the four species in the Eupelmus vesicularis complex.

Table S2. Specimens examined for the cytogenetic investigations.

Table S3. Specimens used for DNA extractions and PCR, including collecting and extraction dates, voucher code and depository, and GenBank accession numbers.

Table S4. K2P distances for the COI gene within groups (A) and between groups (B).

Table S5. Morphometry.

APPENDIX 1. LIST OF NON-TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED