Ancilla, LAMARCK, 1799

GENUS ANCILLA LAMARCK, 1799 View in CoL (1)

Type species: Ancilla cinnamomea Lamarck, 1801 ; by subsequent monotypy.

Synonyms

Anaulax Roissy, 1805 View in CoL . Unnecessary substitute name for Ancilla Lamarck, 1799 View in CoL , by Roissy believed to be preoccupied by the genus ‘ancille’ used by Geoffroy for freshwater limpets [= Ancylus View in CoL ].

Ancillaria Lamarck, 1811 View in CoL . Substitute name for Ancilla Lamarck, 1799 View in CoL , treated by Lamarck as a junior View in CoL homonym of ‘ Ancylus View in CoL Geoffroy’ [ Ancylus O.F. Müller, 1773 View in CoL ].

Ancillus Montfort, 1810 View in CoL . Unjustified emendation of Ancilla Lamarck, 1799 View in CoL . Under ICZN Art. 33.2, Ancillus View in CoL is an objective synonym of Ancilla View in CoL , and Montfort’s designation of Ancilla buccinoides Lamarck, 1803 View in CoL , as type species of Ancillus View in CoL is invalid.

Sparella Gray, 1857 View in CoL . Type species: Ancillaria ventricosa Lamarck, 1811 View in CoL ; SD, Cossmann (1899).

Sparellina P. Fischer, 1883 . Type species: Ancilla candida Lamarck, 1811 View in CoL [= Voluta ampla Gmelin, 1791 ]; M.

Ancillista Iredale, 1936 View in CoL . Type species: Ancillista velesiana Iredale, 1936 View in CoL ; OD.

Possibly valid (sub)genera

Chilotygma H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 View in CoL . Type species: Ancilla exigua G.B. Sowerby I, 1830 View in CoL ; M.

Hesperancilla Kilburn, 1981 View in CoL . Type species: Ancilla matthewsi J.Q. Burch & R.L. Burch, 1967 View in CoL ; OD.

Remarks: Kilburn (1981) tentatively used Sparella , Sparellina , Chilotygma and Hesperancilla as subgenera of Ancilla . The obtained sequences show considerable genetic distances between the 11 groups of Ancilla delimited with ABGD ( Fig. 1), and the radulae also show considerable disparity ( Fig. 13). Therefore the presence of discrete (sub) genera is possible, although the currently accepted system is hardly plausible. Kilburn’s recognition of Sparella and Sparellina was based mainly on radular characters, Sparella generally having a tricuspid rachidian teeth, often with intermediate denticles between main cusps, while Sparellina has multicuspid rachidian teeth. We examined the radula of the type species Ancilla cinamomea ( Fig. 13J), and it proved to have a tricuspid rachidian. Thus Sparella in the definition of Kilburn becomes a synonym of Ancilla (Ancilla) , and most studied species should be attributed to the nominative subgenus. The topology of the COI-based tree of Ancilla ( Fig. 1) is nearly identical to that of the reduced dataset based on four genes ( Figs 3, 4). A COI sequence was not available for Ancilla atimovatae Kantor et al., 2016 , but in the four-gene tree it is sister to the clade including A. ventricosa (Lamarck, 1811) , A. adelphe Kilburn, 1982 and A. lhaumeti Kantor et al., 2016 . The radula of A. atimovatae is very distinctive (especially in the shape of the bifurcating lateral teeth – Kantor et al., 2016: Fig. 9A–C), but is more similar to the radula of Sparellina (as defined by Kilburn, 1981). Thus Ancilla s.s. (= Sparella ) becomes paraphyletic. Moreover, Ancillista aureocallosa Kilburn & Jenner, 1977 , the only species of Ancillista that was available to us, was confidently placed in Ancilla . Its radula ( Fig. 13A) is similar to some other Ancilla spp. (e.g. Ancilla boschi Kilburn, 1980 – Kilburn 1981: Fig. 83). In the four-gene analysis, Ancillista aureocallosa is sister to Ancilla sp. (MNHN IM-2007–36606), while in the COI analysis it is basal to all other Ancilla . The radula of the type species of Ancillista remains unknown, but that of Ancillista muscae (unpublished) is different from A. aureocallosa in the shape of the central tooth, although it is also tricuspid. Therefore, we conditionally synonymize Ancillista with Ancilla , pending molecular data on the type species.

We did not have specimens of the type species of Chilotygma , and Hesperancilla and cannot draw any conclusions on them. Both were established based on the shell characters, and we conditionally treat them as separate entities.