Clematis armandi Franchet (1885: 184)

Clematis armandi Franchet (1885: 184) .

Figs. 1–25 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8 View FIGURE 9 View FIGURE 10 View FIGURE 11 View FIGURE 12 View FIGURE 13 View FIGURE 14 View FIGURE 15 View FIGURE 16 View FIGURE 17 View FIGURE 18 View FIGURE 19 View FIGURE 20 View FIGURE 21 View FIGURE 22 View FIGURE 23 View FIGURE 24 View FIGURE 25 , 27 View FIGURE 27 .

Type:— CHINA. Sichuan, Moupine (now Baoxing), in septibus, April 1869, A. David s.n. (lectotype P!, isolectotypes P!; see Huang et al. 2024b)). Fig. 22A–C View FIGURE 22 .

= Clematis biondiana Pavolini (1907: 285) . C. armandi var. biondiana (Pavolini) Rehder (1939: 90) .

Type:— CHINA. Hubei: Sian Men-kvu , 10 December 1906, P.C. Silvestri 627 (syntype FI!), P.C. Silvestri 627a (syntype FI!), P.C. Silvestri 627b (syntype FI!); Sian Mien-kvu , 3 August 1906, P.C. Silvestri 628 (syntype FI!) .

= Clematis ornithopus Ulbrich in Limpricht (1922: 375).

Type:— CHINA. Sichuan: Wenchuan, im Tale zwischen Tchapei und Rai Tsong , alt. 900 m, 25 April 1914, D. Limpricht 1305 (holotype, not seen; holotype photo and holotype fragment A!, isotype WU!).

= Clematis retusifolia Fu & Ho (1993: 45) . C. armandi var. retusifolia (Fu & Ho) Wang (2003:136) .

Type:— CHINA. Shaanxi: Zhenping county, Shangzhu xiang, alt. 1050 m, in valley, 9 April 1989, Y.Q. Zhao 551 (holotype WUK, not seen).

= Clematis napoensis Wang in Wang et al. (1999: 217), syn. nov.

Type:— CHINA. Guangxi: Napo county, Chengxiang township, Yongjing xiang, in bushes on rocky or earthy mountain, alt. 800 m, 12 April 1998, H.N. Qin et al. 420 (holotype PE!, isotype KUN!). Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 .

= Clematis jialasaensis var. macrantha Wang (2001: 4) , syn. nov.

Type:— CHINA. Yunnan: Shuifu county, Tchen-fong Chan (= Chengfeng Shan ), 15 April 1907, F. Ducloux 2021 (holotype P!, isotype P!). Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 .

= Clematis chengguensis Wang (2003: 117) .

Type:— CHINA. Shaanxi: Chenggu county, Panlong xiang, Xinglong cun, in bushes in ravine, 2 April 1972, S.M. Su 420 (holotype WUK!, isotype PE!).

Description:—Vine woody. Stems to 6 m long; branches shallowly longitudinally 10–16-grooved, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; scales of axillary buds ovate, triangular, or oblong, 0.8–2 cm long, puberulous, abaxially longitudinal veins prominent. Leaves ternate; petiole 3.6–11 cm long, basally sparsely puberulous or glabrous; leaflet blades narrowly ovate, lanceolate, or ovate, 5–16 cm long, 1.5–7 cm broad, leathery, both surfaces glabrous, base rounded, subcordate, or broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to attenuate, very occasionally retuse; basal veins abaxially prominent. Cymes 1- to many-flowered, from axillary buds of old branches, rarely from leaf axils of current year’s branches; peduncle 0.4–8 cm long, puberulous or glabrous; bracts narrowly oblong to linear, 0.7–2 cm long, undivided or sometimes 3-lobed. Flowers 2–8 cm in diameter. Pedicel 1.8–7 cm long, sparsely puberulous or glabrous, not bracteolate. Sepals 4 (–6), white or pinkish, spreading, narrowly oblong, obovate-oblong, or oblong, 1.2–4.7 cm long, 0.2–2 cm broad, abaxially sparsely puberulous or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, margin abaxially velutinous to puberulous, apex obtuse to rounded. Stamens 6–11 mm long, glabrous; anthers narrowly oblong to linear, 3–4.5 mm long, apex minutely apiculate or obtuse. Ovaries pubescent. Style 6–8 mm long, densely villous. Achenes narrowly ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4–5 mm long, 2–2.6 mm broad, sparsely pubescent; persistent style 1.6–4.8 cm long, white plumose.

Phenology:—Flowering from March to April; fruiting from April to July.

Distribution and habitat:— Clematis armandi is distributed in China, Myanmar, and Vietnam. In China, it occurs in Chongqing, southwestern and northern Fujian, southern Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan, eastern Xizang, Yunnan, and southern Zhejiang ( Fig. 26 View FIGURE 26 ), growing in scrub, sparse forests, or by streams at elevations of 100−2500 m above sea level.

Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Chongqing: Beibei, B.M. Huang 0359 (SM); Chengkou, W.P. Fang 10072 (LBG, NAS), P.G. Farges 3bis (P), s.n. (NYBG, P), T.L. Tai 100035 (PE), 100244 (PE); Fengdu, Z.D. Chen et al. 960240 (PE), 960297 (PE); Fengjie, C.Y. Chang 25083 (NAS, PE), H.F. Chow 26101 (PE), 107973 (IBSC, PE, WUK), H.F. Chow & H.Y. Su 107558 (IBSC, PE, WUK), 107889 (IBSC, PE, WUK), 108110 (PE, WUK), M.Y. Fang 24030 (PE), 24521 (IBSC, PE); Jiangjin, Jiangjin Exped. 500116544 (IMC), Jiangjin Group 167 (SM), Jiangjin Wild Plant Exped. 0414 (CDBI), Z.Y. Liu et al. S-1347 (IMC), S-1729 (IMC); Nanchuan, Anonymous 42 (SM), 95 (NAS), 328 (SM), 60101 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 60125 (PE), 84022 (PE), S.C. Chen & K.Y. Lang 02058 (PE), 02272 (PE), K.L. Chu 841 (NAS, PE), Y.Y. Ho 4029 (NAS), 4393 (NAS), C.H. Hsiung & T.L. Chow 90027 (IBSC, PE), 90414 (IBSC, PE), 90724 (IBSC, PE), Jinfoshan Exped. 0262 (PE), K.F. Li 60006 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 60038 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 60141 (IBSC, PE), 60157 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 60170 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 60197 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 60497 (PE), 60580 (NAS, PE), 60871 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 61162 (IBSC, NAS), 601413 (NAS), S.Q. Liu 95546 (IMC, SM), 590662 (IMC), Z.Y. Liu 0018 (IMC), 4774 (IMC), 4916 (IMC), 4917 (IMC), 4918 (IMC), 8262 (IMC), 9508 (IMC), 12889 (IMC), 15285 (IMC), 15295 (E, IMC, P, PE), 15361 (E, IMC, NYBG, P, PE), 15377 (E, IMC, NYBG, P), 15399 (IMC), 790825 (IMC), 973415 (IMC), 973445 (IMC), 980841 (IMC), 2080053 (IMC), 2080057 (IMC), Sichuan Exped. 0107 (PEY, SM), Specimen Group 79322 (IMC), S.X. Tan 123 (PE), 3987 (IMC), S.X. Tan et al. 3090 (IMC), T.H. Tu 2758 (IBK, IBSC), F.T. Wang 10237 (PE), 10949 (PE), WCAS Exped. 2758 (NAS, PE), Q.E. Yang 95013 (PE), X.B. Zhang 95 (IBSC); Pengshui, Z.Y. Liu 260 (IMC, SM), Pengshui Exped. 500243-002-261 (IMC); Qijiang, Anonymous 9 (SM), Qijiang Exped. 500222-493 (IMC); Qianjiang, Anonymous 157 (SM), Z.Y. Liu 61 (IMC, SM), 157 (IMC), Qianjiang Exped. 500114-519 (IMC); Shizhu, Anonymous 158 (SM), Z.Y. Liu 0108 (IMC, SM), 6158 (IMC), W.H. Wang 3474 (CDBI); Wanzhou, IBCAS Three Gorg. Exped. 0674 (PE), 0788 (PE); Wulong, Z.Y. Liu 1148 (IMC), 182268 (IMC, PE), 972534 (IMC), Wulong Exped. 500232003464 (IMC), S.Z. Zhu 1148 (IMC); Wushan, L.Q. Chen chunhua-164 (CCAU), IBCAS Three Gorg. Exped. 1358 (PE), T.P. Wang 10344 (PE), 10605 (PE, WUK), K.H. Yang 57581 (IBK, IBSC, PE), 57674 (IBSC, PE); Wuxi, L.Q. Chen chuanhua-419 (CCAU), Z.D. Chen et al. 960505 (PE); Xiushan, Z.Y. Liu 0026 (IMC, SM); Youyang, Anonymous 1528 (SM), 02274 (PE); Yunyang, IBCAS Three Gorg. Exped. 0924 (PE); Zhongxian, Zhongxian Exped. 50233 (IMC); Precise locality unknown, K.L. Chu 841 (LBG, NAS, PE), K.J. Li 1156 (SM). Fujian: Changting, Anonymous 811 (PE), s.n. (PE); Liancheng, Y. Ling 3226 (PE); Longyan, H.B. Chen 01916 (FJSI); Nanping, G.S. He 1428 (FJSI, IBK, PE), 1465 (FJSI, IBK, PE), 10524 (PE); Pingnan, H.X. Su CSH15146 (CSH); Yong’an, J.X. Chen s.n. (PE), Y. Ling 2956 (PE); Precise locality unknown, H.H. Chung 20365 (N). Gansu: Wenxian, Baishuijiang Exped. 1327 (PE), 3326 (PE), D.E. Boufford et al. 37480 (PE), 37562 (PE), 37586 (PE), C.Y. Chang 14783 (PE, WUK), Y.C. Ho 1395 (PE), T.P. Wang 18857 (HNWP), 18875 (WUK), 20437 (WUK). Guangdong: Guangzhou, C. Wang 44589 (IBSC); Lechang, H.S. Lo 527 (IBSC), Nanling Exped. 3871 (IBSC), C.L. Tso 20643 (IBK, IBSC, NYBG), W.C. Ye 287 (IBSC); Longchuan, C.L. Tso 21589 (IBSC, NYBG); Qujiang, S.P. Ko 50154 (IBK, IBSC); Ruyuan, Anonymous yue71 132 (IBSC), yue73 00174 (HGAS, IBSC), S.P. Ko 52575 (IBK, IBSC, JXU, NYBG, PE), 53986 (IBK, IBSC, NAS, PE), 80006 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 80036 (IBSC), 80118 (IBSC, NAS), 80237 (IBSC), H.S. Lo 466 (IBSC), 1783 (IBSC), H.Y. Mai 179 (IBSC); Shunde, X.Z. Wang 156 (IBK); Xinfeng, Y.W. Taam 477 (WU); Yangchun, J.H. Liu & J. Xiao 89820 (IBSC), Zhanjiang Plant Exped. 03314 (IBSC); Yangshan, H.S. Lo 701 (IBSC); Yingde, Y.F. Chun 30383 (IBSC), S.C. Lee 200485 (IBSC), H.Y. Liang 60905 (IBSC), L. Teng 953 (IBSC), Y. Tsiang 567 (IBK, IBSC, NAS), W.J. Tutcher 10675 (IBSC); Yunfu, C. Wang 40819 (IBK), C.T. Wang 438 (IBK, IBSC), 538 (IBSC), Y.K. Wang 1804 (IBK, IBSC); Precise locality unknown, Anonymous 3314 (IBSC, SYS), s.n. (IBSC), W322 (NAS), T.S. Liu 168 (IBSC), K.P. To 6 (SYS). Guangxi: Baise, Youjiang Exped. 451002130316034LY (GXMG); Bobai, UCAS Hepu Plant Exped. 02041 (PE); Changshun, A.C. Shi & A.G. Liu 235 (GZTM); Chongzuo, X.X. Chen et al. 02678 (GXMI), D.X. Nong et al. 451402150329008LY (GXMG); Fangcheng, S.J. Wei & Z.H. Dai 450603130116510LY (GXMG); Fengshan, H.Z. Lv et al. 451223130329090LY (GXMG); Fusui, W.T. Tsang 21844 (IBK, IBSC, WUK, SYS); Guilin, Anonymous 2 (IBK), 4767 (IBK), 4799 (IBK), L.H. Chun 900128 (IBK, IBSC), Huang et al. 130219 (IBSC), D.Z. Huang 790014 (IBK), G.B. Huang et al. HGIB 70154 (IBK), C.F. Liang 30335 (IBSC), 33355 (IBK), Lingui Exped. 450322170407012LY (GXMG), Y. Ling 60112 (IBK), C.N. Tang 13404 (IBSC), 13463 (IBK, IBSC), S.F. Teng 7 (IBSC), 128 (IBSC), F.N. Wei 1520 (IBK), H.G. Ye 538 (IBSC); Hezhou, Q.B. Wu 451102130426038LY (GXMG), S.Q. Zhong A62731 (PE); Huanjiang, Y.S. Huang et al. Y1274 (IBK), W.B. Xu et al. ML1061 (IBK); Jingxi, C.C. Chang 14152 (IBK, IBSC), 15182 (IBK), C.T. Li 602633 (IBK, IBSC); Leye, Hongshuihe Exped. 996 (PE), B.Y. Huang et al. 451028130423127LY (GXMG), H.N. Qin et al. 606027 (PE); Lingchuan, Lingchuan Exped. 450323130312011LY (GXMG); Lingyun, Guangxi Museum Exped. 10110 (IBSC), F.S. Huang 2139 (PE), C.F. Liang 32823 (IBK), Lingyun Exped. 451027140313021 (GXMG), A.N. Steward & H.C. Cheo 153 (N, NYBG, P), 525 (N); Liuzhou, Z.S. Chung 82482 (IBK), Q.L. Huang & K.Y. Qiu 085 (IBSC); Long’an, N.F. Li & Y.F. Huang 19592 (GXMG), Long’an Exped. 450123130114009LY (GXMG), 450123130116007LY (GXMG), 450123130117009LY (GXMG), 450123130122004LY (GXMG), 450123130307020LY (GXMG), 450123130307022LY (GXMG), 450123130308002LY (GXMG), H.Z. Lv 16489 (GXMG), Z.Z. Peng 12942 (GXMG), Y.G. Wei tie3 (PE), J.C. Yang & R.C. Peng LH1998 (IBK), LH2030 (IBK), LH2120 (IBK), LH2131 (IBK), LH2247 (IBK), LH2248 (IBK); Longlin, B.Y. Huang et al. 451031140411020LY (GXMG), J.Y. Liang & M.F. Qin 01963 (IBK), 02575 (IBK), H.Z. Lv et al. 451031150311009LY (GXMG), 451031130422034LY (GXMG), D.X. Nong et al. 451031140412022LY (GXMG), M.F. Qin 02348 (IBK), H.Q. Wen 00432 (IBK), 00467 (IBK), S.X. Yu 3635 (PE); Longzhou, X.C. Huang 7547 (GXMG), Y.F. Huang et al. 17458 (GXMG), Y.F. Huang & X.M. Luo 17566 (GXMG), Nonggang Exped. 10909 (IBK), 10912 (IBK), 10946 (IBK), 11991 (IBK), 12008 (IBK); Luzhai, Y.M. Wang 111 (PE); Luocheng, Luocheng Exped. 451225130307015LY (GXMG, IBK), 451225130427021LY (GXMG, IBK); Napo, D. Fang & D.Y. Liu 22132 (GXMI), D. Fang et al. 25137 (GXMI), Q.L. Huang & W.Q. Fei 174 (IBSC); Quanzhou, Quanzhou Exped. 450324130319008LY (GXMG), 450324130326019LY (GXMG), S.Q. Zhong A60257 (IBK); Shangsi, Farmer 10352 (IBK); Tian’e, Beijing Exped. 897048 (PE); Tianlin, Tianlin Exped. 451029130420030 (GXMG, GXMI), 451029130603060 (GXMG, GXMI), 451029140417001 (GXMG, GXMI); Xilin, Y.M. Zhao et al. 451030130324005LY (GXMG), 451030130326041LY (GXMG), 451030130425034LY (GXMG); Xing’an, Xing’an Exped. 450325130511176LY (GXMG); Yangshuo, Shan 728 (NAS); Yongfu, Yongfu Exped. 450326130305033LY (GXMG), 450326130325065LY (GXMG), 450326130614032LY (GXMG), 450326140414002LY (GXMG), 450326140414078LY (GXMG); Precise locality unknown, Anonymous M287 (PE), s.n. (IBK), H.C. Chow & D.W. Shi 525 (N), Guangxi Exped. 509 (PE), X.H. Lu 12313 (GXMG). Guizhou: Anlong, T.S. Chang & Y.T. Chang 2367 (HGAS, IBSC, PE), 2987 (HGAS, IBSC, PE), 3462 (HGAS, IBSC, PE), 3563 (HGAS, IBK, IBSC, NAS, PE, WUK), 3969 (HGAS, IBK, NAS, PE, WUK), 5291 (HGAS, IBSC, NAS, PE), C.Y. Deng 522328150524877LY (GZTM), 522328160309989LY (GZTM); Anshun, E. Bodinier & L. Martin 2132 (P), X.Q. Hou 520402170328153 LY (GZTM); Chishui, K.M. Lan 90-700 (GZAC), Zhang & Yu 1174 (GFS); Daozhen, Anonymous 2030378 (IMC), 2030698 (IMC); Dejiang, M.T. An 3017 (PE), 3153 (PE), Y.F. Li 522227160528004LY (GZTM); Guiding, J. Cavalerie & J.J. Fortunat 1758 (E, P), 2344 (P); Guiyang, J. Cavalerie 2797 (E, P), M.Z. Yang 810083 (HGAS); Jiangkou, T.S. Chang et al. 400031 (HGAS, IBSC, PE), 400134 (HGAS, IBSC, PE), 400399 (HGAS, IBSC, PE), 400872 (HGAS, IBSC, PE); Libo, Q.H. Chen 2144 (HGAS), K.M. Lan 84- 1169 (GFS), 840267 (GZAC), 840361 (GFS), Tree Group 81-6-0016 (GZAC), X.M. Wang 158 (HGAS), 176 (HGAS), 0247 (HGAS), Z.R. Xu L1002 (IBSC), L. Yang 84-2765 (GNUG), 84-76778 (GNUG); Luodian, J. Cavalerie 3579 (E, P), Luodian Exped. 522728160218004LY (GZTM), S Qiannan Exped. 457 (HGAS); Meitan, H.M. Mo 287 (IBSC); Pingba, E. Bodinier 2732 (E); Pingtang, Guizhou Exped. 302 (HGAS); Puding, S.W. Teng 0367 (IBSC); Renhuai, Huanghe Exped. MT373 (ZY), R.B. Zhang ZRB016 (ZY); Shiqian, Y. Tsiang 4106 (IBSC, NAS), X. Zhang 522224160128001LY (GZTM), 522224160224003LY (GZTM), 522224160326001LY (GZTM); Shuicheng, T.X. Bai 94-003 (GNUG), Shuicheng Exped. 498 (HGAS); Sinan, S.H. Chun 2292 (IBK, IBSC); Tongren, N Guizhou Exped. 0879 (HGAS, PE), H.J. Xiong 520203140116001LY (GZTM); Tongzi, Y. Tsiang 5045 (NAS); Wangmo, Guizhou Exped. 1835 (HGAS, IBK, IBSC, PE), Q.L. Huang & W.Q. Fei 167 (IBSC); Xishui, S.S. Fu XS14054034 (ZY), R. Ma SCH1502222 (ZY), Y.F. Wang SCH1202238 (ZY), Y. Xie SCH1204080 (ZY), F.G. Zhao 520330160729005LY (GZTM); Xingyi, C.Y. Deng 522301160215104LY (GZTM); Yanhe, M.T. An 5549 (PE); Yinjiang, S.S. Chang 0008 (GFS), T.S. Chang et al. 401035 (HGAS, PE), 401226 (HGAS, IBSC, PE), 401768 (HGAS, IBSC, PE), 402527 (IBSC, PE), N Guizhou Exped. 0879 (HGAS, PE), Y. Tsiang 7951 (NAS, P); Yuping, B. Feng 522223140323011LY (GZTM); Zhenfeng, J. Cavalerie 350 (PE), S.X. Tan 265 (PE); Zheng’an, H. Liu 520324150325015LY (GZTM); Zunyi, N Guizhou Exped. 0208 (PE), P.C. Tsoong 359 (GFS, IBSC, PE), P.F. Zhang 522121150312308LY (GZTM); Precise locality unknown, Anonymous 87 (PE), J. Cavalerie 4254 (P), 4261 (P). Hubei: Badong, H.C. Chow 208 (E, NYBG, PE), Q.L. Huang & K.Y. Qiu 038 (IBSC); Lichuan, C.T. Kwa 0295 (PE); Shennongjia, Hubei Shennongjia Exped. 22968 (PE), 30014 (PE), H.M. Li 1099-1 (IBSC), X.X. Liu IV3070016 (CCAU), Z.J. Wu 2320 (PE), S.X. Yang 0322 (IBK, IBSC), D.G. Zhang et al. zdg4426 (JIU); Xingshan, H.C. Li 971 (PE); Xuan’en, W. Zhang et al. ANUB00785 (ANUB); Yichang, P.X. Dong 38 (PE), A. Henry 1388 (P), 3720 (P), 3817 (E), 5223 (P, US), Z. Zheng 65 (PE), 74 (PE); Zhuxi, A. Henry 3377A (NYBG, US), P.Y. Li 2824 (NAS, WUK); Precise locality unknown, A. Henry 5069 ( US), P.C. Silvestri 3913 ( US), E.H. Wilson 2 (E, P), 3116 (P). Hunan: Baojing, X.J. Su & H.B. Liu 433125D00020814013 (JIU); Dong’an, J.K. Liu 368 (PE), 456 (PE); Fenghuang, Q.E. Yang et al. 649 (IBSC); Guzhang, L. Su 4331261404200265 (JIU); Huayuan, X.T. Li & H.J. Peng 080416004; Jishou, D.G. Zhang 130414014 (JIU); Lengshujiang, Q.E. Yang 2010-02 (IBSC); Longshan, L.H. Liou 1774 (IBSC, NAS, PE), D.K. Tian et al. LS-972 (CSH), LS-1220 (CSH), Y. Xiao & N.F. Fu LS-2809 (CSH); Luxi, D.G. Zhang 4331221505010047LY (JIU); Qidong, J.D. Li 562 (PE); Qianyang, C.T. Lee 1846 (IBSC, PE); Rucheng, X.L. Yu 12051801 (CSFI); Sangzhi, Anonymous 233 (PE); Shimen, Hupingshan Exped. 0174 (PE); Suining, J.J. Zhou & D. Zhou 1403136 (CSFI); Wugang, S.S. Sin S.H. 1014 (NAS); Xiangxi, B.M. Yang 38 (IBSC); Xinning, Z.C. Luo 1751 (PE), 1795 (PE), yi10 (PE); Xinshao, B.Y. Li 6431 (PE); Yizhang, S.H. Chun 156 (IBSC), 1036 (IBK, IBSC), W.T. Tsang 23386 (IBSC, SYS, US), 23641 (IBSC, SYS, US), 23693 (IBSC, US), P.C. Tsoong 619 (PE), 682 (PE);Yongshun, Anonymous3646 (PE), Beijing Exped.001613 (PE), K.D. Lei4331271405080323 (JIU), D.G. Zhang 070506012 (JIU), zdg009 (JIU), zdg4331270885 (JIU); Yuanling, F.J. Zhou 008 (PE); Zhangjiajie, H. Zhou & D.S. Zhou 15041201 (CSFI). Jiangxi: Chongyi, Anonymous 16085 (JXU); Guangchang, C.M. Hu 5318 (LBG); Jinggangshan, Jinggangshan Exped. 660069 (LBG, PE); Nanfeng, J.X. Yang et al. 650258 (IBSC, PE, WUK); Xunwu, X.F. Zeng ZXF13288 (CZH). Shaanxi: Chenggu, T.N. Liou 11450 (PE), 11562 (PE), H.S. Wu 001 (IBSC); Hanzhong, P.Y. Li 1040 (NAS, WUK), Y.L. Qiao 01645 (WUK); Langao, Y.L. Qiao 1559 (WUK); Nanzheng, C.Y. Chang 18277 (IBSC, WUK), X.X. Hou 279 (IBSC, WUK); Pingli, Y.S. Chen et al. 2983 (WUK), Depart. Biol. NW Univ. 0163 (WUK), P.Y. Li 1702 (HNWP, NAS, WUK), 2072 (WUK), 2482 (NAS, WUK), K.M. Liou 3469 (NAS, PE, WUK), 8470 (PE), J.J. Liu & J.X. Duan 277 (PE), B.C. Ni 00141 (CDBI), Y.L. Qiao 01134 (PE), J.C. Xing 21649 (XBGH); Shanyang, J.X. Yang & Y.M. Liang 2721 (PE, WUK); Xunyang, Depart. Biol. NW Univ. 505 (WUK); Zhenping, Y.S. Chen et al. 2835 (WUK), Depart. Biol. NW Univ. 586 (WUK), G.Y. Xu 4747 (WUK), 4748 (WUK), 4806 (WUK); Ziyang, P.C. Kuo 2165 (PE). Sichuan: Anxian, D.H. Zhu 3672 (HX, PE); Bazhong, Anonymous 1036 (SM); Barkam, H. Li s.n. (PE); Baoxing, S.S. Chang & Y.X. Ren 04781 (PE), K.C. Kuan et al. 2796 (PE), D.Y. Peng 46267 (CDBI), 47257 (CDBI), Sichuan Agr. Coll. 4781 (CDBI), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 00061 (CDBI), 00083 (CDBI, PE); Beichuan, Sichuan Econ. Mianyang Exped. 0510 (SM), 1447 (CDBI); Dazhu, Anonymous zhu-0054 (SM), Sichuan Econ. Liangshan Exped. 0414 (CDBI, SM); Dujiangyan, S.S. Chien 5657 (NAS), 5734 (E), C.S. Fan & Class 2 (N), W.P. Fang 12174 (IBSC), 19332 (PE), D.Z. Fu 87-0143 (HX), Y.Y. Geng et al. 981413 (HX), S.G. Tang s.n. (SM), F.T. Wang 20500 (LBG, PE), 20695 (IBSC, LBG, NAS, PE, WUK), H. Yu 419 (PE), Z.L. Zhao 87-0092 (HX), 87-0699 (HX, PE), D.H. Zhu 190 (HX), 268 (HX), 20070011 (PE), 20070044 (HX); Emei, Anonymous 1681 (JXU), 2235 (PE), 2414 (PE), 3014 (SM), 3145 (SM), S.S. Chien 5452 (E, NAS), H.C. Chow 7520 (NAS), 9948 (NAS), 11499 (NAS), T.Y. Chow & G.J. Xu 49 (NAS), Emei Group 137 (SM), 1540 (SM), W.P. Fang 15827 (IBSC, JXU, PE), 15905 (IBSC), 16048 (JXU), 16049 (IBSC), 16067 (IBSC), 16085 (IBSC, JXU), 16181 (IBSC), 16191 (IBSC), 16504 (IBSC), 17892 (PE), S.Z. Guo 410 (CDBI, PE, SM), L.Z. Hu & P.Q. Duan 57-82 (HIMC), 57-494 (HIMC), K.C. Kuan et al. 107 (E), 672 (CDBI, PE), 1863 (E, PE), C.H. Li S-W-097-323 (PE), X.J. Li LiXJ062 (KUN), X.B. Peng 6144 (PE), 236 Sichuan Group 0431 (PE), Sichuan Exped. 672 (PEY), Sichuan Trad. Med. Res. Exped. 12135 (NAS), Sichuan Univ. Biol. Coll. Exped. 2091 (CAF), 53863 (WUK), Sino-USSR Exped. 2442 (PE), S.L. Sun 1407 (IBK, NAS), 1633 (NAS), 2091 ( US), H.L. Tsiang & S.S. Chang 30046 (IBK), H.L. Tsiang & X.B. Zhang 30967 (IBSC), WCAS Exped. 6144 (NAS, PE), K.H. Yang 54127 (IBSC, PE, WUK), 54247 (IBSC, NAS, PE), 54661 (IBSC, NAS, PE, SYS, WUK), 54711 (IBSC, NAS, PE, WUK), 54989 (IBSC, PE, WUK), T.T. Yu 328 (IBSC, PE), G. Zhang 1868 (NAS), X.B. Zhang et al. 30121 (LBG), 30757 (LBG), 30967 (LBG); Gulin, PE Gulin Exped. 0089 (PE), GL057 (PE), Sichuan Econ. Plant Liangshan Exped. 00109 (SM); Guang’an, Anonymous 72N-33 (SM), S.Y. Chen 2022 (SM), Y.C. Yang 4196 (NAS); Guangyuan, Guangyuan Exped. 14 (SM), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 4108 (CDBI); Hongya, Hongya Group 811 (SM); Huidong, Huidong Exped. 0028 (SM); Jiajiang, Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 8707 (PE); Jiange, T.N. Liou & C. Wang 345 (WUK); Jiangyou, J.F. Rock 12009 (E, P); Jinyang, Anonymous 113 (SM), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 3402 (PE); Junlian, Anonymous 354 (SM), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 0066 (CDBI, PE, SM); Kaijiang, Kaijiang Exped. 025 (SM); Leshan, Anonymous 1509 (NAS), H.C. Chow 11296 (NAS), 12830 (NAS), 12876 (NAS), L.Y. Tai 729 (NAS), 1495 (NAS), 1705 (NAS); Leibo, M.Y. He & C.M. Tan 117028 (CDBI, PE), Q.L. Huang & W.Q. Fei 153 (IBSC), Leibo Exped. 152 (SM), Sichuan Econ. Plant Liangshan Exped. 153 (PE, SM), Q.S. Zhao et al. 117219 (CDBI, PE); Linshui, Anonymous lin-7 (SM); Luding, Sichuan Veg. Exped. 25010 (CDBI); Luzhou, Z.C. Zhong 0104 (CDBI); Mabian, W.P. Fang 1616 (NAS); Maoxian, X.F. Gao & Y.L. Peng 2151 (CDBI), 2179 (CDBI), S. Jiang & T.L. Jin 00640 (PE); Muchuan, Q.S. Zhao & C.M. Tan 116115 (CDBI); Nanchong, Anonymous 00082 (PE), 00083 (PE); Pengzhou, Z.B. Feng et al. 20070542 (HX); Pingshan, Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 0764 (CDBI, PE), K.P. Yin & Q.H. Chen 0006 (CDBI); Pingwu, Anonymous 10135 (PE), 13095 (SM), D.Z. Fu et al. 1401 (PE), H.M. Yang et al. 1436 (PE), 1590 (PE), S.R. Zhang et al. 0394 (PE); Qingchuan, Qingchuan Exped. 3065 (SM), 3066 (SM); Shifang, Anonymous 0018 (SM), 0019 (SM); Songpan, Anonymous 1726 (PE); Tianquan, K.L. Chu 2262 (IBSC, NAS, PE, WUK), Z.G. Liu & Y.B. Yang 21854 (CDBI, IBSC, WUK), D.Y. Peng 47087 (CDBI), Sichuan Agr. Coll. 00406 (PE), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 00402 (CDBI, PE, SM), Tianquan Exped. 78-148 (SM), H.L. Tsiang 10135 (PE), 33837 (IBSC, PE), H.L. Tsiang & C.H. Hsiung 34119 (IBK, IBSC, PE), M.Z. Wen & S.Z. Xiao xiang 4 (CDBI); Tongjiang, Bashan Exped. 6157 (PE); Wenchuan, Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 2142 (PE); Xichang, Y.J. Li 631 (CDBI), Sichuan Econ. Plant Xichang Exped. 0023 (CDBI, IBSC, SM), Z.L. Wang et al. 408 (CDBI), Z.Y. Zhao 788 (SM); Xingwen, Anonymous 77-83 (SM), Sichuan Econ. Plant Yibin Exped. 0390 (CDBI, PE, SM); Xuyong, X.F. Gao et al. HGX10281 (CDBI), HGX10967 (CDBI), HGX11272 (CDBI), HGX11490 (CDBI), HGX11964 (CDBI), X.F. Gao & L. Zhang HGX14642 (CDBI), W.B. Ju HGX14183 (CDBI), S.G. Tang et al. 20 (SM), L. Zhang et al. HGX14265 (CDBI), HGX14716 (CDBI); Xuanhan, Anonymous 0197 (SM); Yibin, Q.L. Huang & W.Q. Fei 152 (IBSC), Yibin Group 351 (SM); Zhaojue, Zhaojue Exped. 0148 (SM); Ziyang, Anonymous 101 (SM); Precise locality unknown, Anonymous 099 (PE), 339 (SM), S.F. Chang 1163 (NAS), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 00406 (PE), 2048 (CDBI), S.C. Wang 450 (NAS), 499 (NAS), Y.C. Yang 4039 (NAS). Xizang: Nyingchi, Xizang Trad. Chin. Med. Exped. 3439 (PE), W.L. Zheng 1589 (PE); Zayu, Z.C. Ni et al. 0411 (XZ). Yunnan: Anning, C.H. Hu 78293 (NAS); Chengjiang, Y. Tsiang 16032 (IBSC), H. Wang 41422 (IBSC); Daguan, E.E. Maire s.n. (P); Dali, T.N. Liou 018102 (PE), H.C. Wang 3572 (IBSC, PE); Dayao, T. Siméon s.n. (P); Dongchuan, F. Ducloux 4370 (P); Eshan, J. Cai et al. 14CS9014 (KUN); Fugong, Gaoligong Shan Biod. Surv. 19168 (E), 19245 (E), 19420 (E), 21008 (E); Fumin, P.Y. Chiu 59112 (IBK); Funing, Funing Exped. 5326281601200622LY (IMDY), C.W. Wang 88460 (IBSC, WUK), 89140 (IBK); Guangnan, Q.L. Huang & W.Q. Fei 175 (IBSC), Y.M. Shui 001440 (PE), Y.M. Zhao et al. 554 (GXMG); Huaning, Y. Tsiang & H. Wang 16032 (IBSC); Jinghong, S.R. Guo s.n. (IMDY), S.S. Zhou 2188 (PE); Kaiyuan, Y. Tsiang 13166 (NAS); Kunming, Anonymous 01521 (PEY), P.Y. Chiu 51598 (IBSC, PE), 54169 (IBSC, PE), K.M. Feng 10402 (LBG, PE), H. Handel-Mazzetti 337 (E), F.C. How 74304 (AU, IBSC, NAS, PE), P.C. Kuo 11024 (HNWP), T.N. Liou 14924 (IBSC), 14943 (PE), 14952 (IBSC, PE), 15024 (IBSC, PE), 15629 (PE), 15664 (IBSC, PE), 15696 (IBSC, PE), 15776 (IBSC, PE), 17131 (IBSC, PE), 19635 (IBSC, PE), 20379 (IBSC, PE), W.C. Yin 51919 (IBSC, PE); Lanping, E.D. Liu 1538 (KUN); Lijiang, J.F. Rock 8048 ( US); Longling, H.T. Tsai 55831 (IBSC, LBG, PE), 56471 (IBSC, LBG, NAS, PE); Lufeng, Anonymous 9 (N); Lushui, W.S. Liou 117 (IBK); Luxi, H.T. Tsai 56987 (PE); Maguan, Maguan Exped. 5326250024 (IMDY), H.T. Tsai 51946 (IBSC, NAS, PE, WUK); Malipo, Y.B. Luo et al. 508 (PE), C.W. Wang 83828 (PE), 86126 (PE), 86780 (PE), 86828 (IBSC, WUK); Mengla, Y.H. Li 430 (HITBC); Mengzi, A. Henry 9349 (E, NYBG, US), M. Tanant s.n. (P); Mile, F. Ducloux 5671 (P); Puer, G.D. Tao 41449 (HITBC), 41459 (HITBC), 41674 (HITBC), 41724 (HITBC), 44223 (HITBC); Qiaojia, F. Ducloux 6176 (P); Shizong, Shizong Exped. 385 (IBK, IBSC); Shuangbai, IBCAS Kunming Station. 545 (LBG, IBSC, PE, WUK), W.C. Yin 388 (IBSC, LBG, PE, WUK), 636 (IBSC, LBG, PE, WUK); Shuangjiang, T.P. Zhu 0521 (PE); Shuifu, J.M. Delavay 4 (P), 5146 (G, P), Q.L. Huang & W.Q. Fei 155 (IBSC), Z.Y. Liu 2020135 (IMC), 2020248 (IMC), 2023155 (IMC), 2023161 (IMC); Simao, A. Henry 9349B (E, NYBG, US); Suijiang, B.S. Sun 0099 (IBSC); Tengchong, G. Forrest 7811 (E), 8839 (E), 9794 (E, IBSC); Wenshan, Plant DNA Barcode SE Yunan Exped. GBOWS242 (KUN), H.T. Tsai 51469 (IBSC, PE), C.A. Wu 7221 (IBSC); Xichou, Anonymous 066779 (HITBC), S.C. Ho 84197 (IBSC), C.W. Wang 85467 (PE); Yangbi, R.C. Ching 22249 (PE), 22263 (PE), G. Forrest s.n. ( US); Yimen, W.Q. Yin 0065 (IBSC, LBG), 0066 (WUK), 0152 (IBSC, LBG, PE, WUK), 0166 (IBSC, LBG, PE, WUK), 0200 (IBSC, LBG, PE, WUK); Yuxi, S.W. Yu & C.A. Wu kun 139 (KUN); Zhanyi, Y.H. Li 193 (PE); Zhaotong, F. Ducloux 4955 (P), H.T. Tsai 50885 (PE); Zhenkang, T.P. Zhu 0626 (HITBC, IBSC, NAS, PE), 0635 (HITBC, IBSC, NAS, PE); Precise locality unknown, Anonymous 13 (NAS), E. Bodinier 108 (P), F. Ducloux 889 (NYBG), 3183 (P), 3185 (P), 3872 (P), 4798 (P), 4799 (P), G. Forrest 193 (E), 4985 (E), 12079 (E), 12259 (E, IBSC, PE), 12345 (E, IBSC), 21072 (E), moudi24073 (E, US), 25708 (E), 26326 (E, IBSC, NYBG, US), 29479 (E, PE), A.F. Legendre 1726 (P), T.N. Liou 18102 (IBSC), E.E. Maire 784 (E), 1932 (E), s.n. (P), J.F. Rock 2937 (N), T. Siméon 361 (E), F. K. Ward s.n. (E). Zhejiang: Yunhe, J.X. Wang 1981 (PE).

Notes:—In this work, we have determined the identity of Clematis jialasaensis var. macrantha , but the identity of C. jialasaensis still remains unclear. From its type specimens ( Huang et al. 2024a), C. jialasaensis , just like C. jialasaensis var. macrantha , differs from C. armandi only in the absence of large scales of axillary buds at the base of cymes. Clematis armandi does occur in southeastern Xizang, China (four sheets shown in Figure 27 View FIGURE 27 ), where C. jialasaensis is recorded to be endemic. Because of the lack of observations of living plants in the wild, we have been unable to determine with certainty if such scales, just like in C. jialasaensis var. macrantha , are also present at the base of cymes borne on branches of last years in plants of C. jialasaensis . Hopefully further botanical exploration in southeastern Xizang in future will settle decisively the problem with the identity of C jialasaensis .

In this work, we have also determined the identity of the two collections of Clematis, J.M. Delavay 4 ( Fig. 4A View FIGURE 4 ) and J.M. Delavay 5146 ( Figs. 4B–D View FIGURE 4 , 5 View FIGURE 5 ), from Chengfeng Shan in Shuifu in northeastern Yunnan, China. Franchet (1886), Finet & Gagnepain (1903) and Anonymous (1984) cited them under C. meyeniana , and Wang (2003) cited the latter under C. finetiana . It is far from understandable to us that Wang (2003) referred the G sheets of the collection J.M. Delavay 5146 to C. finetiana . Several large scales are very conspicuous at a node of one of the sheets ( Fig. 5B View FIGURE 5 ), an important diagnostic character of C. armandi . Such large scales have never been observed in C. finetiana ( Huang et al. 2024c). Our observations of living plants within the Shuifu population of C. armandi have clearly demonstrated that large scales of axillary buds are usually present on branches of last years of the plants within the population, although often absent on branches of current year of the plants, indicating that the two collections should not belong to C. meyeniana or C. finetiana , but certainly should be referred to C. armandi . Here it is worth mentioning that the cases with the identity of C. craibiana Lace (1915: 395) may be the same as that of the two Delavay collections just mentioned above. Clematis craibiana was described from Myanmar and then reduced to the synonymy of C. meyeniana by Sprague (1916), Handel-Mazzetti (1939), Grey-Wilson (2000), Johnson (2001), and Wang (2003). Huang et al. (2024a) pointed out that it is certain that C. craibiana does not belong to C. meyeniana . Morphologically, C. craibiana match C. armandi well in all characters except the absence of large scales of axillary buds on branches. Hopefully further botanical exploration in future in Myanmar will settle decisively the problem with the identity of C. craibiana .

The cases with the identity of Clematis jialasaensis var. macrantha and C. napoensis , just like the case with the identity of C. xinhuiensis ( Huang et al. 2024a) , indicate again that much of the difficulty experienced in classifying the species and varieties of Clematis is due to the incompleteness of the specimens available for examination ( Sprague 1916, Huang et al. 2024a). Indeed, the leaves and even the inflorescences in Clematis often show considerable differences according to the part of the plant on which they are borne, and care should therefore be taken by collectors to obtain a series of specimens from the various parts of a single plant. In cases where the lateral shoots bear scale-laves at the base, a specimen should be selected consisting of a piece of the main stem with at least two pairs of leaves and as much as of the lower part of the lateral shoot as can be dried conveniently on the same sheet.